Reflective constructs

Reflective constructs in PLS analysis need to be evaluated with respect to their Indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity (Hair et al. 2011a Hair et al. 2011b). 

Convei nt validity describes the extent to which extent the items convei e on their theoretical construct (Campbell and Fiske 1959). In PLS, convergent validity is measured via the average variance extracted, which should be higher than 0,5 to fulfill the criterion (Hair et aL 2011b). Average variance extracted measures the extent to which the average variance of the indicators is explained by its theoretic construct (Fomell and Larcker 1981). As indicated in Table 12 and Table 14, all the reflective constructs used are substantially above the cutoff value of 0,5, and convergent validity is established. 

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Like the bond length changes, these are based on 6-3IG calculations. Positive numbers (in kcal/mol) reflect constructive interaction between X and Y substituents, while negative numbers reflect destructive interaction. 

Because the electric and magnetic fields must be continuous across the interface, the radiation must penetrate a finite distance into the second medium even in the case of total internal reflection. Constructive interference of the incident and reflected fields in this situation creates a wave of evanescent ( vanishing ) radiation that propagates parallel to the interface but drops off quickly in amplitude beyond the interface. The fall-off of the field with distance (z) in the second medium is given by E = Eo jjp -zld) with... 

Equation (F.l) shows that each stream makes a contribution to total heat transfer area defined only by its duty, position in the composite curves, and its h value. This contribution to area means also a contribution to capital cost. If, for example, a corrosive stream requires special materials of construction, it will have a greater contribution to capital cost than a similar noncorrosive stream. If only one cost law is to be used for a network comprising mixed materials of construction, the area contribution of streams requiring special materials must somehow increase. One way this may be done is by weighting the heat transfer coefficients to reflect the cost of the material the stream requires. 

The periodic nature of crystalline matter can be utilized to construct wavefunctions which reflect the translational synnnetry. Wavefiinctions so constructed are called Bloch functions [1]. These fiinctions greatly simplify the electronic structure problem and are applicable to any periodic system. 

Figure Bl.18.10. Scaimmg microscope in reflection the laser beam is focused on a spot on the object. The reflected light is collected and received by a broad-area sensor. By moving the stage, the object can be scaimed point by point and the corresponding reflection data used to construct the image. Instead of moving the stage, the illuminating laser beam can be used for scaiming.

Because th e calculation of m n Iti-ceiiter in tegrals that are in evitable for ah iniiio method is very difficult and time-con sum in g. Ilyper-Chem uses Gaussian Type Orbital (GTO) for ah initio methods. In truly reflecting a atomic orbital. STO may he better than GTO. so HyperC hem uses several GTOs to construct a STO. The number of GTOs depends on the basis sets. For example, in the minimum STO-3G basis set IlyperGhem uses three GTOs to construct a STO. 

These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They are used to coat telescope mirrors and to make decorative paper, packages, toys. 

A variation on the HF procedure is the way that orbitals are constructed to reflect paired or unpaired electrons. If the molecule has a singlet spin, then the same orbital spatial function can be used for both the a and P spin electrons in each pair. This is called the restricted Hartree-Fock method (RHF). 

The construction of a typical monochromator is shown in Figure 10.12. Radiation from the source enters the monochromator through an entrance slit. The radiation is collected by a collimating mirror, which reflects a parallel beam of radiation to a diffraction grating. The diffraction grating is an optically reflecting surface with... 

Polydisperse polymers do not yield sharp peaks in the detector output as indicated in Fig. 9.14. Instead, broad bands are produced which reflect the polydispersity of synthetic polymers. Assuming that suitable calibration data are available, we can construct molecular weight distributions from this kind of experimental data. An indication of how this is done is provided in the following example. 

The relatively high prices of pulp and paper filters reflect the construction features that accommodate the veiy high hydraulic capacity that is required. The absence of data for some common types of filters, in particular the filter press, is explained by Hall as due to the complex variety of individual features and materials of construction. For information about missing filters and for firmer estimates for those types presented, vendors should be consulted. In all cases of serious interest, consultation should take place early in the evaluation procedure so that it can yield timely advice on testing, selection, and price. 

Once the weight has been determined, the cost is obtained by multiplying by a /lb figure. Up-to-date numbers for the type of vessel or fractionator being estimated can be obtained from a vendor, in-house historical data, literature, or estimating books such as Reference 12. Make sure the cost reflects the materials of construction to be used. 

The price of air-cooled exchangers should be obtained from vendors if possible. If not, then by coirelating in-house historical data on a basis of /ft of bare surface vs. total bare surface. Correction factors for materials of construction. pressure, numbers of tube rows, and tube length must be used. Literature data on air coolers is available (Reference 15). but it should be the last resort. In any event, at least one air-cooled heat exchanger in each project should be priced by a vendor to calibrate the historical data to reflect the supply and demand situation at the expected time of procurement. 

The second reason for modification of the displaced volume is that in real world application, the cylinder will not achieve the volumetric performance predicted by Equation 3.4. It is modified, therefore, to include empirical data. The equation used here is the one recommended by the Compressed Air and Gas Institute [1], but it is somewhat arbitrary as there is no universal equation. Practically speaking, however, there is enough flexibility in guidelines for the equation to produce reasonable results. The 1.00 in the theoretical equation is replaced with. 97 to reflect that even with zero clearance the cylinder will not fill perfectly. Term L is added at the end to allow for gas slippage past the piston rings in the various types of construction. If, in the course of making an estimate, a specific value is desired, use, 03 for lubricated compressors and. 07 for nonlubricated machines. These are approximations, and the exact value may vary by as much as an additional. 02 to. 03... 

Figure 4 Interference pettern created when regularly spaced atoms scatter an incident plane wave. A spherical wave emanates from each atom diffracted beams form at the directions of constructive interference between these waves. The mirror reflection—the (00) beam—and the first- and second-order diffracted beams are shown.

Figure 1 Bragg diffraction. A reflected neutron wavefront (D, Dj) making an angle 6 wKh planes of atoms will show constructive interference (a Bragg peak maxima) whan the difference in path length between Df and (2CT) equals an integral number of wavelengths X. From the construction, XB = d sin 6.

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