Refinery manufacture, economics

The use of methane, ethane, ethylene, propylene, and propane pure light hydrocarbons as refrigerants is quite common, practical, and economical for many hydrocarbon processing plants. Examples include ethylene manufacture from cracking some feedstock, ethylene or other hydrocarbon recycle purification plants, gas-treating plants, and petroleum refineries. 

Bis(monofluoro)-triazine dyes, 9 473 Bismuth (Bi) 4 1-16. See also Bismuth alloys Bismuth compounds analysis, 4 10 barium alloys with, 3 344 catalyst poison, 5 257t economic aspects, 4 6-9 environmental concerns, 4 10-11 fabrication, 4 4-5 health and safety factors, 4 10-11 manufacture and processing, 4 3-6 mine and refinery production by country, 4 8t... 

ECONOMICS OF MANUFACTURING REFINERY HYDROGEN 100 MILLION SCF/D PLANTS, MID-CONTINENT LOCATION... 

ECONOMICS OF MANUFACTURING REFINERY HYDROGEN BY NEW COAL PROCESS AT FOUR REFINING CENTERS... 

There is little question that the petrochemical refinery can perform its function technically. Whether it can also do so economically and commercially is a complex question which is discussed later. It is possible to consider direct cracking of whole crude into olefins, but such processes —pioneered principally in Germany, France, and Japan—are as yet comparatively new and untried commercially. A more likely route to the petrochemical refinery involves integrating both conventional coil cracking for olefin manufacture and extraction of aromatics from reformed and cracked naphthas with conventional refinery units. Such a refinery would produce primarily ethylene, propylene, butadiene, and aromatics. Other variations and other chemicals are possible, but the steam cracker and the aromatics extraction unit are the backbone of most schemes. 

There are two main sources of propylene production— refinery and chemical. The former is derived from catalytic cracking and is used mainly for refinery purposes—i.e., polymer gasoline and alkylate. The latter is derived from ethylene plants and is marketed mainly for petrochemical usage. In both cases, the propylene is a by-product and not a directly manufactured product. In 1963 Davis (19) described propylene as the bargain olefin at 2.25 cents/lb and predicted no shortage in sight. He pointed out that 1962 total domestic refinery derived propylene capacity was 17.1 billion lbs annually, and chemically derived propylene was 3.4 billion lbs annually. All of the propylene cannot be recovered economically. Davis estimated that available propylene amounted to 17 billion lbs, of which chemical uses constituted... 

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