Reference to organic

Only officially inspected organically run undertakings may declare their products to be organic. Descriptions such as from organic farms are to be used. 

Since January 1997, it has been compulsory under EU Regulation 2092/91 to indicate the code number and name of the inspection body on the label. 

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This usage of the word saturated shows that chemists, like other people, sometimes use the same word with two entirely different meanings. On p. 164 this word was used to describe a solution which contains the equilibrium concentration of a dissolved substance. As used here, in reference to organic compounds, it means that all bonds to carbon are single bonds and they are all formed with hydrogen or other carbon atoms. 

Although this account of gelation is made with reference to organic polyelectrolytes, it is of wider application and may be applied to phosphoric acid cements. Orthophosphoric acid solutions used in these cements contain aluminium, and soluble aluminophosphate complexes are formed. Some appear to be multinuclear and there is evidence for polymers based on the bridging Al-O-P unit. These could be termed polyelectrolytes (Akitt, Greenwood Lester, 1971 Wilson et al., 1972 O Neill et al., 1982). 

K. C. Kao and W. Hwang, Electrical Transport in Solids with Partial Reference to Organic Semiconductors, Pergamon, Oxford, 1981. 

HIOC is a term that refers to organic compounds that can be ionised in the environment and thus are present in two or more species. Basically, the group of HIOCs includes weak organic acids and bases and organometallic compounds, e.g. organotins. This latter group will be treated separately (see Section 2.2.4). 

Mechanisms, like resonance structures, utilize curved arrows. (Resonance structures are ways of illustrating the Vcirious resonance forms that contribute to the resonance hybrid. If you need more review, refer to Organic Chemistry I For Dummies. ) Many of the same rules apply to both however, there are some important differences ... 

To conclude this section on polymols, we should note that we have used the term polymer almost exclusively to refer to organic macromolecules. The term plastic refers not only to organic substances of high molecular weight, but also to such substances that at some point in their manufacture have been shaped by flow. Thus, the term plastic is more specific than the term polymer, and this term carries with it an indication of its processing history. As we will see in Chapter 7, there are many materials that can be considered polymers, yet are formed by routes other than melt processing. 

XEROPHYTIC Referring to organisms which occur habitually in dry habitats. 

Variability of IEP(s). Variability from Sources Other than Specific Adsorption. Referring to organic colloids, Abramson (I) has stated that a true IEP(s) can be measured in systems containing only the species H+, OH", and those produced by interaction of the solid with pure water. This claim was made in response to the observation that no ionic species is totally devoid of tendency toward specific adsorption. The requirement is impossible to satisfy, of course. 

This is a selective review. It tries to be comprehensive only in naming all types of reactions and stressing the important ones. As compared to the voluminous part of the cluster literature, which justifies itself by repetitive reference to organic synthesis and catalysis, it attempts to present an inor-... 

Mist explosions are, of course, dust explosions in which the particles happen to be liquid. A study of criteria for these, with especial reference to organic heat transfer fluids, is reported [39]. Other less common types of heterogeneous explosion involving gaseous oxidants are reviewed [37] [40]. These include wick explosions, foam explosions, and surface explosions. Studies aimed at early detection and suppression of dust explosions are reported [38]. 

Autotrophic Refers to organisms that produce their own organic constituents from inorganic compounds using sunlight for energy or by oxidation process. 

The tendency of a material to spread a flame away from the fire source is critical to understand the potential fire hazard. Flame-spread tests may refer to organic polymers themselves or to materials in diverse applications (such as textiles or electrical insulation sleeving), or to whole structures... 

According to the assumptions implied by the kinetic equation (9.3), the volume V and the concentrations cK,2 refer to organic phase. Moreover, Eq. (9.14) assumes that there is no change of volume due to mixing. This is a reasonable assumption in view of the data presented in Table 9.2. The system of Eqs. (9.11) to (9.14) is square and can be solved numerically, for example using the Newton-Raphson method. Table 9.4 presents typical results, for a reactor of 10 m3 operated at various temperatures. A large excess of i-butane (B) is necessary to achieve the required transformation. Butene is almost completely converted, while isobutane conversion is much lower. For this reason, the recycle contains mainly the excess isobutane. Moreover, the main reaction is favored by low temperatures. 

R and R refer to organic groups that contain some number of carbon atoms and may or may not be different from each other. With cyclic alkenes, metathesis leads to polymerization (specifically, ring-opening metathesis polymerization [ROMP]), shown here for cyclopentene ... 

Any discussion surrounding pKa values would not be complete without addressing the deprotonation of hydrocarbons. Since hydrocarbons generally refer to organic molecules made up only of hydrogen and carbon, inductive effects resulting from introduction of functional groups is not relevant and we do not usually consider these compounds to be acidic. However, pKa values of various protons associated with hydrocarbons have been measured. As illustrated in Scheme 2.14, saturated hydrocarbons are the least acidic while olefinic and... 

Chelates refer to organic molecules that have the potential to form inner-sphere complexes with divalent hard metals and heavy metals. The behavior of the complex ion is, in general, different from that of the noncomplexed ion. For example, copper hydroxide precipitates when sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of Cu2+. If hydroxide is added to a solution containing strongly chelated Cu2+, no precipitation takes place. Chelation is the process by which metals bond to ligands or functional... 

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