Reference category

Estimates from logistic regression models, conditioned on sex, age, study center, and adjusted for education, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, body mass index, and nonalcohol energy intake. b Reference category. 

Estimates from multiple logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, study center, education, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, family history of colorectal cancer and energy intake, according to the residual model. b Reference category. 

Figure 2 Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals are shown for women and men versus the time of day when the subject started working (2 hr averaged). Thus, the bar over 1 represents work hr starting at 1-2 A.M.. The bar over 23 represents work starting from 11 p.M. to midnight. The reference category, work starting at 7-8 A.M., was arbitrarily assigned a relative hazard ratio of 1.0 (dotted line).

Fig. 1. Hazard ratios, with 95% confidence intervals as floating absolute risks, as estimate of association between category of update mean HbAlc concentration and any end point or deaths related to diabetes and all cause mortality. Reference category (hazard ratio 1.0) is HbAlc <6% with log-linear scales, p-value reflects contribution of glycaemia to multivariate model. Data adjusted for age at diagnosis of diabetes, sex, ethnic group, smoking, presence of albuminuria, systolic blood pressure, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides [2].

The quest for the referent of modern scientific theories is nontrivial and the danger of making category mistakes is serious. For example, it is not at all clear, that collision theory (as used for the description of molecular beam experiments) and phenomenological kinetics (as used to describe enzyme kinetics in biochemistry) have reference categories of the same logical type. 

Checklist Item No. Details (reference category/item no.) Responsibility Complete Sign Date... 

Reference Category Secondary Academic School emphasizing Mathematics and Science (Realgynrnasiuni) ... 

The field of study was controlled in the model with 12 dummies and Civil Engineering as reference category. In some programmes we observe significantly higher or lower dropouts compared to the reference category. Due to lack of space we do not display the parameter estimates in the table. They can be... 

Calculated on the basis of 20 years of exposure. Reference category of zero pack-years (nonsmokers). 

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