Reductases dihydroxyacetone reductase

The biosynthesis of plasmalogens has been elegantly reviewed by several investigators (Paltauf, 1994 Lee, 1998 Nagan and Zoeller, 2001 Murphy, 2001). Briefly, the first three enzymes of plasmalogen biosynthesis (dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase, alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase, and acyl/alkyl dihydroxyacetone reductase) are located in peroxisomes. The other enzymes, namely l-alkyl- n-GroP acyltransferase, l-alkyl-2-acyl-5n-GroP phosphohydrolase, and l-alkyl-2-acyl-jn-Gro ... 

The dihydroxyacetone reductase of Mucor javanicus is NADPH-dependent, and accepts a wide variety of simple acyclic ketones. For 2-alkanones, hydride attack occurs largely from the Si face with high selectivity to give the (/ )-product. However, butan-2-one was reduced to racemic butan-2-ol, indicating that methyl and ethyl are not differentiated by the enzyme. 

Pseudomonas sp. alcohol dehydrogenase Lactobacillus kefir alcohol dehydrogenase Geotrichum candidum glycerol dehydrogenase Mucor javanicus dihydroxyacetone reductase Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase ... 

Hochuli, E., Taylor, K.E., and Duder, H. (1977) Dihydroxyacetone reductase from Mucor javanicus 2. Identification of the physiological substrate and reactivity towards related compounds. Eur. J. Biochem., 75, 433-439. 

Another pathway is the L-glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (Figure 11). Cytosolic dihydroxyacetone phosphate is reduced by NADFl to s.n-glycerol 3-phosphate, catalyzed by s,n-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and this is then oxidized by s,n-glycerol 3-phosphate ubiquinone oxidoreductase to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which is a flavoprotein on the outer surface of the inner membrane. By this route electrons enter the respiratory chain.from cytosolic NADH at the level of complex III. Less well defined is the possibility that cytosolic NADH is oxidized by cytochrome bs reductase in the outer mitochondrial membrane and that electrons are transferred via cytochrome b5 in the endoplasmic reticulum to the respiratory chain at the level of cytochrome c (Fischer et al., 1985). 

I. 1.1.94], also known as NAD(P)H-dependent dihy-droxyacetone-phosphate reductase, catalyzes the reaction of 5n-glycerol 3-phosphate with NAD(P)+ to produce glycerone phosphate (or, dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and NAD(P)H. 

DIHYDROOROTATE DEHYDROGENASE DIHYDROOROTATE OXIDASE DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE DIHYDROPTEROATE SYNTHASE DIHYDROPYRIMIDINASE DIHYDROURACIL DEHYDROGENASE Dihydroxyacetone kinase,... 

Aspartate can be deaminated to fumarate by bacterial L-aspartate oxidase.2593 This flavoprotein is structurally and mechanistically related to succinate dehydrogenase and can function as a soluble fumarate reductase (p. 1027). However, its main function appears to be to permit the intermediate iminoaspartate to react with dihydroxyacetone-P to form quinolinate, which can be converted to NAD (see Fig. 25-ll).259b... 

Note References used are Craik et al. (1987) for rat trypsin Carter and Wells (1988) for subtilisin Nickbarg et al. (1988) for yeast trios hosphate isomerase (GAP for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and DHAP for dihydroxyacetone phosphate) Soukri et al. (1989) for E. coli glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Kim and Patel (1992) for human lipoamide dehydrogenase Fan et al. (1991) for yeast alcohol dehydrogenase Scrutton et al. (1990) for E. coli glutathione reductase Murphy et al. (1993) for E. coli alkaline phosphatase Leatherbarrow et al. (1985) for tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. 

PDOs are useful for synthesis of polymers, aircraft de-icing, and as food additives [84]. The synthesis of 1,3-PDO was reported at a titer of up to 130 gl reported in 2003 [14] as the result of an effort by DuPont and Genencor. 1,3-PDO was produced in E. coli through the glycolytic triose dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which is reduced and dephosphorylated to glycerol, followed by dehydration and reduction to 1,3-PDO. The strategy involved the use of ATP-related glucose transport rather than the native PEP-related mechanism. Additionally, the previously uncharacterized native reductase YqhD was used for the final reduction from 3-hydroxypropanal to 1,3-PDO. The process has become industrially successful, supported by patents for the production [85, 86] and purification [87] of 1,3-PDO. 

Nandi, A., Welti, R. and Shah, J. (2(X)4) The Arabidopsis thaliana dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase gene SUPPRESSSOR OF FATTY ACID DESATURASE DEFICIENCYl is required for glycerolipid metabolism and for the activation of systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell 16, 465 77. 

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