Reducing or oxidizing agent

Chemical Vapor Deposition. In chemical vapor deposition (CVD), often referred to as vapor transport, the desired constituent(s) to be deposited are ia the form of a compound existing as a vapor at an appropriate temperature. This vapor decomposes with or without a reducing or oxidizing agent at the substrate— vapor interface for film growth. CVD has been used successfully for preparing garnet and ortho ferrite films (24,25). Laser-assisted CVD is also practiced. 

But arsenic is more subtle a poison than simply a reducing or oxidizing agent. Arsenic is a metalloid from Group V(B) of the periodic table, immediately below the elements nitrogen and phosphorus, both of which are vital for health. 

The choice of the most appropriate reducing or oxidizing agent is an important question in the access to particular oxidation states. In this connection, it must be considered that a certain species, in order to be able to act as an oxidizing agent towards another species (or to remove electrons from another species), must have a tendency to add electrons (or to be reduced) higher than that of the second species to lose electrons... 

The very rapid reaetion (3.15) with a large — AG can thus be measured. We therefore have an effective method for generating very rapidly in situ a powerful reducing or oxidizing agent. One of the most impressive applications of these properties is to the study of internal electron transfer in proteins. 

According to the vendor, the hydrolytic terrestrial dissipation (HTD) process is an ex situ process for the treatment of soils contaminated with toxaphene (a chlorinated pesticide) and other pesticides in soils. The process utilizes metal-catalyzed alkaline hydrolysis reactions, ultraviolet (UV) light, and reducing or oxidizing agents to remove chlorine from the contaminant. 

Figure 24. Exterior morphologies of extrusion texturized reducing or oxidizing agent-modified soy flours. Note that both reducing agents (Na>SO, and cysteine) -modified flours produced more puffed products, whereas the oidant (KIO,) modified flour showed opposite effect. (Mag. 1.5.)...

Mobile electronic defects may be understood as more or less localized reducing or oxidizing agents. They can react with other structure elements S as follows... 

Dehydrogenation. The process whereby hydrogen is removed from compds by chemical means (Ref 2). Reducing or oxidizing agents in the presence of catalysts may be used (Ref... 

Whereas the rabbit muscle (68) and brain preparations (129) required 1-10 mM mercaptoethanol and KC1 or LiCl for stability over extended time periods, the preparation described by Lee was not affected by reducing or oxidizing agents (130). Multivalent anions, such as tripolyphosphate, 3-iso-AMP, ATP, and GTP, but not substrate, stabilized the calf brain enzyme against heat inactivation (129, 131). 

A great deal of the electron resonance work has been done with aromatic radical ions, produced by adding or removing a tt electron from the neutral molecule by the action of a reducing or oxidizing agent.14 Correlation of data for many systems with molecular orbital calculations of v electron distributions has led to a quantitative expression, the McConnell relation (Equation 9.4), which... 

Under appropriate circumstances a strong reducing or oxidizing agent, or an electrode, can transfer an electron to or from an organic molecule.108 The substances most susceptible to reduction are those with low-energy vacant orbitals... 

The reducing or oxidizing agent in a half-cell may be either the electrode itself, a solid substance deposited on the electrode, a gas which bubbles around the electrode, or a solute in solution which bathes the electrode. Just as in electrolysis, the electrode at which reduction occurs is the cathode and that at which oxidation occurs is the anode. (Hint Oxidation-anode and reduction-cathode are alphabetical.)... 

Milius and coworkers61 have found that the C—At bond of / -astatobenzoic acid is stable in hot acidic and basic solutions as well as in the presence of moderate reducing or oxidizing agents. 

An important property of the reacting compounds is their ability to donate or accept electrons, i.e. to behave as reducing or oxidizing agents. For a long time, monomers were not considered from this point of view. Only in recent years has the role of electron transfer in macromolecular chemistry been... 

The M4+ M3+ and MO2 MOJ couples are readily reversible, and reactions are rapid with other one-electron reducing or oxidizing agents that involve no bond changes. Tile rate varies with reagents that normally react by two-electron or bond-breaking changes. The MOJ M3+, ... 

Self-condensation products of 4-nitrotoluene-2-sulfonic acid or its derivative 4,4 -dinitro-2,2 -stilbenedisulfonic acid or 4,4 -dinitro-2,2 -dibenzyldisulfonic acid [728-42-7] and products of their treatment with reducing or oxidizing agents. An example is Direct Yellow 11 (Cl... 

The value of an atmospheric ozone analyzer is determined almost entirely by its specificity toward ozone. Chemical analytical methods are influenced by the presence of such reducing or oxidizing agents as chlorine, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and peroxides, which are all present in polluted atmospheres. 

Redox titration The quantitative analysis of the amount or concentration of an oxidizing or reducing agent in a sample by observing its reaction with a known amount or concentration of a reducing or oxidizing agent. 

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