Reduced thickness equivalent

We see from the data presented that the laws giving the relationship between the disjoining pressure and the thickness of the liquid layer are analogous for particles and plane surfaces. The surfaces of the soil particles in contact are not parallel to each other. This results in a nonuniform thickness of the water interlayer. For this reason, the average thickness of the water layer cannot be measured directly a certain "reduced thickness equivalent in its disjoining effect to the nonuniformly thick layer of water between the irregularly shaped particles has to be determined instead. 

The low value of C — 0.15 in the ASME Code is for a special head-to-shell configuration with an inside comer radius of at least three times the head thickness. The structural effect of this edge condition results in reducing the equivalent pressurized diameter on the circular flat head from the norm diameter d to a diameter of 0.893d such that the Eq. 10.9 becomes... 

A fiill solution of tlie nonlinear radiation follows from the Maxwell equations. The general case of radiation from a second-order nonlinear material of finite thickness was solved by Bloembergen and Pershan in 1962 [40]. That problem reduces to the present one if we let the interfacial thickness approach zero. Other equivalent solutions involved tlie application of the boundary conditions for a polarization sheet [14] or the... 

Typical dimensions for the /5-alumina electrolyte tube are 380 mm long, with an outer diameter of 28 mm, and a wall thickness of 1.5 mm. A typical battery for automotive power might contain 980 of such cells (20 modules each of 49 cells) and have an open-circuit voltage of lOOV. Capacity exceeds. 50 kWh. The cells operate at an optimum temperature of 300-350°C (to ensure that the sodium polysulfides remain molten and that the /5-alumina solid electrolyte has an adequate Na" " ion conductivity). This means that the cells must be thermally insulated to reduce wasteful loss of heat atjd to maintain the electrodes molten even when not in operation. Such a system is about one-fifth of the weight of an equivalent lead-acid traction battery and has a similar life ( 1000 cycles). 

An electrical resistance methods which directly measures loss of metal from a probe installed in the corrosive system under study is described in Section 19.3. It is reported that corrosion equivalent to a thickness loss of as little as 2-5 X 10 cm can be detected . This technique is most useful as a means of monitoring steps taken to reduce corrosion, e.g. by inhibitors, or to detect changes in the corrosivity of process streams. Electrical methods of determining corrosion rates are considered subsequently. 

In a stagnant solution, free convection usually sets in as a density gradient develops at the electrode upon passing current. The resulting convective velocity, which is zero at the wall, enhances the transfer of ions toward the electrode. At a fixed applied current, the concentration difference between bulk and interface is reduced. For a given concentration difference, the concentration gradient of the reacting species at the electrode becomes steeper (equivalent to a decrease of the Nernst layer thickness), and the current is thereby increased. 

In this circumstance, it is more reliable to measure the absolute integrated intensity of the substrate peak and compare this with the integrated intensity from an equivalent crystal of the substrate material on which no layer has been grown. In the angular position for diffraction from the substrate, the layer will not diffract and the substrate peak intensity will be simply reduced by normal photoelectric absorption. For a symmetric reflection, it is easy to see that the integrated intensity 1 of the substrate peak with the layer of thickness t present is related to the integrated intensity of the bare substrate / o by... 

Fig. 6.4 (a) Surface aspect and corresponding LSV of coupons exposed for five years inside and outside a showcase (Treasure room, Palais de Tau, Reims). The peaks beginning at —1 and —0.1 Vmse correspond to Ag2S and AgCl, respectively. Electrolyte 0.1 M sodium acetate, v = 5 mV/s. (b) Equivalent thickness of reduced compounds in the two locations (note the different partition of the two compounds)... 

The symmetry of fs enables utilization of the method of Fominov et al. [25, 29] The trilayer is now equivalent to a bilayer with S layer of effective thickness = ds/2, and, after some algebra, it is possible to reduce (6) to an effective counterpart of the condition (7)... 

Fig. 2 A finite angle 6 between h and p leads to a tendency of the layers to reduce their thickness. Assuming a constant number of layers in the sample, this tendency is equivalent to an effective dilatation of the layers. For small angles between h and p the relative effective dilatation is given by e2/2...

The truncated Taylor series used in equation (8) is a linear approximation that is equivalent to assuming confined conditions, which will underpredict drawdown in unconfined problems. Therefore, a safety factor must be included to reduce the upper bound on of. This is done by multiplying the upper bound on of determined by equation (9) by the ratio of minimum allowable saturated thickness to the saturated thickness at the current solution. 

---