Reduced cross section

The principal failure modes of bolted joints are (1) bearing failure of the material as in the elongated bolt hole of Figure 7-44, (2) tension failure of the material in the reduced cross section through the bolt hole, (3) shear-out or cleavage failure of the material (actually transverse tension failure of the material), and (4) bolt failures (mainly shear failures). Of course, combinations of these failures do occur. 

From Table 4-84, the collapse pressure resistance in uniaxial state of stress, P - 6,010 psi. Reduced wall thickness for class 2 drill pipe = (0.65)(0.337) = 0.219 in. Reduced D for class 2 drill pipe = 3.826 + (2)(0.219) = 4.264 in. Reduced cross-sectional area of class 2 drill pipe equals ... 

Fig. 8.3 Schematic representation of the stress corrosion cracking mechanism of the pit (after Pickering and Swann ). (a) Tubular pits initiated at solute-rich slip step. The pits may, but need not necessarily, follow the slip plane once they are initiated, (b) Ductile tearing along a plane containing the tubular pits. The stress is increased across the plane because of the reduced cross section and the stress raising effect...

Since grid material is converted into lead dioxide, a slight increase in the actual capacity is often observed with lead-acid batteries. The reduced cross-section in Fig. 9 does not affect the performance of batteries that are used for discharge durations in the order of one hour or more. Attention must, however, be paid to batteries that are loaded with high currents, because the conductivity of the grid gains importance with increased current flow. 

It is important to recognize that all materials will have problems in certain environments, whether they are plastics, metals, aluminum, or something else. For example, the chemical effect and/or corrosion of metal surfaces has a damaging effect on both the static and dynamic strength properties of metals because it ultimately creates a reduced cross-section that can lead to eventual failure. The combined effect of corrosion and stress on strength characteristics is called stress corrosion. When the load is variable, the com-... 

When we begin to stretch a semicrystalline polymer it deforms affinely, that is, each element of the sample within the gauge region experiences identical stress and strain. As we continue to stretch the sample, we reach a point at which affine deformation ceases and the sample yields. At this point, it typically develops a local region of reduced cross-sectional area, known... 

At high intensities this ratio becomes unity (all photoreceptor is bleached) and therefore no phototropism can occur. Equation (2) shows that the bleaching of the photoreceptor does not depend on the absolute concentration of photoreceptor. Therefore mutants with less receptor pigment will be inhibited at the same light intensity as the wild type. However, in mutants with a reduced cross section the ratio of Pbi/Ptot reach unity at higher intensities. Hence they are phototropic active at intensities where the wild type is already inhibited. The third type of mutant (iii) which has a slower regeneration as the wild type should have a normal sensitivity at low intensities but should be phototropical insensitive at higher intensities at which the unbleached... 

Fig. 8 Tensile curves of cellulose II fibres measured at an RH of 65% (1) Fibre B, (2) Cor-denka EHM yarn, (3) Cordenka 700 tyre yarn, (4) Cordenka 660 tyre yarn and (5) Enka viscose textile yarn [26]. The solid circles represent the strength corrected for the reduced cross section at fracture. The dotted curve is the hyperbola fitted to the end points of the tensile curves 1,3 and 5. The dashed curve is the fracture envelope calculated with Eqs. 9,23 and 24 using a critical shear stress rb=0.22 GPa... 

Figure 2. Undersized waveguide used in microwave tunneling experiments (a) waveguide with central reduced cross section (b) waveguide filled with two dielectrics with different refractive indexes n > (c) the same quantum potential...

On the other hand the accelerating homogeneous deformation in the tertiary creep phase (Fig. 10a) indicates material weakening through the accumulated geometrical and structural changes (reduced cross-section, dilata-... 

In their analysis Holmes et al. demonstrated that the spiral length is limited by heat transfer (see Fig. 24.5). The fluid entering the cavity solidifies upon contact with the wall, resulting in a reduced cross section for flow. This freezing on the wall continues until the solid layers meet in the centre of the channel, stopping the flow. In the tip of the spiral a core of liquid is left which freezes after the flow has stopped. This core solidifies stress-free and is optically isotropic, whereas the rest of the spiral solidifies under stress and is birefringent. 

S = 1 nv CONTRIBUTING TO a IMPACT PARAMETERS CONTRIBUTING TO a REDUCED CROSS SECTION ajtr Rc 2... 

Considering the last column of reduced cross sections, in which all non-essential numerical factors have been omitted to facilitate comparison, we see how large the difference between various approaches is, and how large the error can be when nonadiabatic coupling is not properly treated. Some examples along this line can he found in Gallagher s paper [90]. 

In accordance with the Invention, therefore, the chamber has at Its front end a section of reduced cross-sectional area. Weight, size and cost are reduced without seriously affecting the efficiency of noise reduction. The silencer may be built as an attachment or, preferably, the rear porfion of the chamber may be built around the barrel of the firearm, with communicating holes through the barrel. The heat absorbing material may be metal screen, which may take the form of apertured discs, stacked one upon another and preferably held In compression. Plating the screen with some metal such as tin before punching the discs will increase the stability of performance. ... 

FIGURE 10.46 Tensile stress-strain curves for 1, Fiber B (Akzo phosphoric acid process) 2, Cordenka EHM 3, Cordenka 700 4, Cordenka 660 and 5, Enka Viscose. The solid dots indicate the stress related to the reduced cross section at fracture. The hyperbola-shaped failure envelope is represented by the dashed line. (From Northolt, M.G., Boerstoel, H., Maatman, H., Huisman, R., Veurink, J., and Elzerman, H., Polymer, 42, 8249, 2001. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier B. V.)... 

The magnitude of the rotation could be related approximately to the overall strain according to the ideas of Schmidt-Boas " by assuming an incremental slip, always parallel to the current c-axis. Furthermore they were able to explain the observed load-elongation curve by assuming the existence of a constant flow stress on the c-slip system. This requires decreasing axial loads as the slip plane rotates towards the tensile axis, because of the rapidly reducing cross-sectional area (see Fig. 7). 

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