Reciprocal relative mobility

Moreover, the Reciprocal Relative Mobility (RRM) data were utilized for studying the propagation of the transitional interface between the leading blend slug and the chasing fresh polymer slug across the cores of both geometries. 

The Reciprocal Relative Mobility (RRM) concept was utilized to study the mobility behavior in cores which underwent the PF and PAAF processes. The following RRM equations were used for each of the core geometries ... 

To emphasize the difference between the results in different kinds of rock, it is helpful to consider the relative mobility, Ar, which is the ratio of the measured absolute mobility to the rock permeability. The dimension of relative mobility is reciprocal centipoise, whereas absolute mobility is measured in (md/cp). 

Thus, in the very approximate sense in which "foam" is considered to be a single fluid that saturates the porespace (so that singlephase permeability could be used to characterize the rock), the "effective viscosity" of the foam could be taken to be the reciprocal of the relative mobility. 

The relative mobility is usually given in reciprocal centipoises [or in (Pa-s)-1]> which suggests another quantity of interest the effective viscosity of the foam. We could also define the effective viscosity of foam, /xefp as simply the reciprocal of the relative mobility. 

However, the most exciting result of these experiments came when the effect of foam in different rock samples was investigated. The measured mobilities did not vary over nearly as wide a range as the permeabilities of these rocks. However, when the variation of relative mobilities were examined on a log—log plot against the permeabilities, an important trend could be discerned. The reciprocal of relative mobility can be called the effective viscosity of the C02 foam. This parameter varies, at least for these conditions, as shown in Figure 7 (33). Apparently, the C02 foam under these conditions acts like a more viscous fluid in high-permeability rock than in low-permeability rock. This selective mobility reduction (SMR) is the type of behavior that is needed for C02 foam to perform, as had been optimistically assumed in early foam literature. 

Figure B8.2.1 shows the fluorescence spectra of DIPHANT in a polybutadiene matrix. The h/lu ratios turned out to be significantly lower than in solution, which means that the internal rotation of the probe is restricted in such a relatively rigid polymer matrix. The fluorescence intensity of the monomer is approximately constant at temperatures ranging from —100 to —20 °C, which indicates that the probe motions are hindered, and then decreases with a concomitant increase in the excimer fluorescence. The onset of probe mobility, detected by the start of the decrease in the monomer intensity and lifetime occurs at about —20 °C, i.e. well above the low-frequency static reference temperature Tg (glass transition temperature) of the polybutadiene sample, which is —91 °C (measured at 1 Hz). This temperature shift shows the strong dependence of the apparent polymer flexibility on the characteristic frequency of the experimental technique. This frequency is the reciprocal of the monomer excited-state...

Graphitic sheets, however, are not detectable in the carbon-plasma by ion chromatography (IC) [162, 174, 183-185]. This method provides a means for separating carbon cluster ions with different structures because the reciprocal of the ion mobility is proportional to the collision cross-section. Several species with different structures coexist and their relative amount depends on the cluster size. Small clusters (n < 7) are linear. In the range n = 7-10 chains as well as monocycles coexist. The clusters C are exclusively monocycles and the range... 

Even in the absence of a colloid, an electrolyte solution will display electroosmotic flow through a chamber of small dimensions. Therefore the observed particle velocity is the sum of two superimposed effects, namely, the true electrophoretic velocity relative to the stationary liquid and the velocity of the liquid relative to the stationary chamber. Figure 12.10a shows the results of this superpositioning for particles tracked at different depths in the cell. The particles used in this study are cells of the bacterium Klebsiella aerogenes in phosphate buffer. Rather than calculated velocities or mobilities, Figure 12.10a shows the reciprocal of the time... 

It is evident from this equation that the mobility is inversely proportional only to the analyte chain length when the second term is negligible. This holds, however, only when relatively low field strengths (less than 200 V cm-1) are used for CE. The relationship between mobility and the reciprocal of the chain length should become clearer at elevated temperatures. This effect can be seen in Eq. (15). 

The transport number of sulfate ions relative to chloride ions increases in the presence of diethylene glycol (Figure 5.42). Similarly, PC increases in the presence of tetraethylene glycol.111 Therefore, the ratio of mobility of sulfate ions to that of chloride ions in the membrane phase and the ratio of both ions in the membrane during electrodialysis (ATCis°4, ion exchange equilibrium constant) have been measured. The mobility ratio between sulfate and chloride ions (ratio of reciprocals of electrical resistances of the membranes in the respective ionic form) is constant for various concentrations of diethylene glycol though the... 

Again the same convention as described earlier is used, and flow into the cell is considered to be in the positive direction. The osmotic pressure due to the permeant solute is denoted by which is defined as = RT(Cf - Att has units of dyne/cm. In these equations we speak of differences in concentrations in bulk phases since the partition coefficient which relates the concentration in the membrane phase to that of the bulk phase is incorporated in the permeability coefficients. The subscripts i and s refer to impermeant and permeant solute respectively. Lpj is the cross-coefficient for the volume flow arising from differences in the osmotic pressure of the permeant solute, Aw, when there is no difference of either hydrostatic or osmotic pressure produced by impermeant solutes ( Attj = 0). L p is the relative diffusional solute mobility per unit hydrostatic (or impermeant solute) pressure difference when Asr = 0. Although is always positive, and L p are both negative and have the same units as L. If the Onsager reciprocal relation holds, then is the diffusional flow and is a measure of the relative... 

It can be observed from both tests at constant shear stress and constant shear rate that the melt viscosity is reciprocal of temperature. The melt viscosity is relatively related to the structure and free volume, whereby the increase in temperature might result in the enhancement of free volume and the improvement of chain mobility. Thus, viscosity gradually decreased exponentially with rising temperature. It is well known that the value of flow activation energy reflects the temperature-sensitivity of viscosity so, higher E or Ea leads to higher sensitivity of the blends to temperature. It can be seen from the values of E and Ea that E. increases with increasing... 

Figure 1. A simple model of protein/support interactions. The protein is assumed to consist of a partly folded state, F, in equilibrium with the native conformer, Nf, an aggregated form, nF, and an unfolded state, U, which in turn is in equilibrium with a second aggregated form. nU. It is assumed that the protein must at least partially unfold to interact with the packing. The interconversions between these different states are determined by the rate constants shown, and the relative amounts at equilibrium by the ratios of the forward and reverse rate constants (the equilibrium constants). Each form is in turn distributed between mobile phase and sorbent with equilibrium constant Ki. .. K. The time constant, 7 is the reciprocal of the rate constant, so 7. = UK., and 7 = l/K, .

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