Reality-based observations

The value of the proportionality constant /3 can be determined experimentally. In the absence of any other experimental data, an acceptable model would be based on any combination of the adjustable parameters C, K, and Ns that yields the correct value of /3, according to Equation 29. Since three adjustable parameters are available to define the value of one experimentally observable quantity, covariability among these parameters is expected. In reality an independent estimate of Ng might be available, and curvature of the <7q vs. log a + plot might reduce some of the covariability, but Equation 29 provides an initial step in understanding the relationship between covarying adjustable parameters. 

The question that must be asked is, given the total number of animals actually assayed was relatively small in comparison with the total number of animals produced, how significant are the results Based on the statistical design and the observation that the range (95% confidence limits) will reflect closely the realities of the animal population sampled, the estimate of the frequency of residues in any given slaughter class is a good estimate. 

The question of its ultimate reality is difficult, if one starts from the conservative view of the mind, where awareness is no more than a product of the nervous system and brain, the degree of independence or objectivity of the observer can only be relative. The Observer may be a semi-independent system with fewer characteristics than the overall system of consciousness as a whole, but it is dependent on the operation of neurologically based structures and so is ultimately limited and shaped by them it is also programmed to some extent in the enculturation process. Hilgard 26 has found the concept of such a partially dissociated observer useful in understanding hypnotic analgesia. 

Astronomy and chemistry are usually considered very different sciences, with very different historical paths. Whereas astronomy is observational and based on the exact laws of celestial dynamics, chemistry is the archetypical experimental science. Yet speculations about interconnections between the two fields can be found far back in time. To mention but one example, in his 1807 lectures on the history of chemistry, Hans Christian 0rsted prophesied that some day chemistry will have just as much influence on astronomy as mechanics so far. He added that Then it will be necessary to regard external motion as a product of internal forces, and all natural science will finally become a cosmogony. [4] 0rsted s prophecy eventually became reality, but the path followed from chemistry to astronomy took a different direction than imagined by the Danish scientist. To become useful in the science of the heavens, chemistry first had to prove its worth in the study of the earth. 

Joe Kennedy s dream of using the British to build a sufficient power base for himself was a reality. No astute political observer during the 1960s could ignore the possibility of a "Kennedy dynasty" installed in the White House for several uninterrupted decades. 

The mathematical basis of the test includes an assumption that the y2 values are continuous . In other words, they could take any value. The reality, however, is that, when we count canisters (or any other set of discrete items), the results are discontinuous - we may observe 1, 2 or 3 canisters, etc., but not a fractional value. The subsequent chi-square values are therefore also discontinuous - some values of X2 could never arise because they do not match any outcome based upon whole numbers of canisters. This mis-match between the assumptions made by the test and the reality of the data introduces a bias that may inflate the y2 value and make the data look a little more significant that it really is. 

In the early view, there are correspondence rules relating the primitive concept of state and observable to empirical reality. Observables are mapped on to the set of eigenvalues of a particular class of self-adjoint operators (e.g., Hamiltonians). The individual systems would occupy only one base state the amplitude appearing in the linear superposition in square modulus represents the probability to find one system occupying a base state when scanning the ensemble. 

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