Realism levels

Once the determinants of PPII helix formation are known in more detail, it will become possible to apply them, along with the known determinants of the cy-helical conformation, to the understanding of protein unfolded states. If, as suggested at the beginning of this article, protein unfolded states are dominated by residues in the PPII and cy-conformal ions, these data will allow for modeling of the unfolded state ensembles of specific proteins with a level of realism that has not been previously anticipated. 

Full-scale exercise The purpose of a full-scale exercise is to test the effectiveness of the emergency response plan. A full-scale exercise should incorporate a high degree of realism, extensive involvement of resources and personnel, and an increased level of stress. The exercise should involve mutual aid groups, agencies, and outside responders. 24-36 months... 

In retrospective risk assessment, the output should be as accurate as possible at any tier. Tiers differ by the level of sophistication and realism. 

It is interesting that Eq. (4.98), p. 97, offers a discrete-state partition function for the description of the inner-sphere contribution to the thermodynamics. But the discrete coordinate is an occupation number for a precisely defined configurational region, and parameters required for this discrete-state partition function are obtained by molecular-level calculations. Therefore, molecular realism isn t the first casualty of these theories, although strong approximations are typically accumulated after the formulation of quasi-chemical theories. 

Despite these early developments, models with explicit representations of viruses have not yet been widely applied or tested in natural marine systems. The major question that needs to be addressed is, do we need to account for the impact of viruses in pelagic N-cycle models and if so, at what level of realism Do viruses need to be explicitly modeled or can their effects be parameterized as a component of the generic death terms that we already have in our models ... 

A6.5.8.2 To maximize realism, an in-site label attached to a container will be used. To attach a different label to each container may pose an unnecessary burden on the tester, so it is proposed that the label be attached to a standard container, and removed after testing. This procedure may require an assistant to the interviewer if overly burdensome for the interviewer. It is important that every visual cue be offered to subjects to maximise their possibilities of comprehension, particularly for workers with low levels of formal education who rely on contextual information to a greater degree. Therefore, the labels should be presented attached to container at all times. A Velcro strip attached to the container may make the procedure relatively simple. 

The methodology was designed to rapidly screen processes at Level 1 with reasonable realism. More... 

We have argued here the possibility of "making" at the chemical level serves to blur the natural/artefact divide. This has three consequences (1) chemical kinds are not the unproblematic, paradigmatic instances of natural kinds they have been taken to be in the philosophical literature (2) we are left without a clear and uncomplicated example of a "natural" kind (3) brands of realism, which are tightly tied to natural kinds, are no longer automatically the status quo position to take vis-a-vis chemistry. Of course, chemists may come to realism for reasons that have nothing to do with natural kinds. Our point here is that philosophers who have tended to use natural kinds as a route to a defense of realism may have to do some rethinking. 

The solution constructed above provides the necessary tools from elasticity theory in order to consider nucleation of a dislocation at a crack tip. The philosophical perspective adopted here is that due to Rice (1992) in which a comparison is made between the work needed to create new free surface and that needed to create a slip distribution corresponding ultimately to a dislocation. We present this model not so much with the hope that it will deliver quantitative insights but on the grounds that it is highly instructive concerning the atomic-level processes near a crack tip. In particular, the model is appealing because the treatment of dissipative processes such as dislocation nucleation is endowed with atomic-level realism, while still maintaining an overall continuum description. 

You have to decide what level of realism suits your story, and it is to this issue that we now turn. 

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