Reagents for Oxidation and Reduction

One of the main kinds of reaetions for which reagents are used is oxidation, which usually consists of the addition of oxygen to a ehemical compound or a functional group on a compound and a loss of electrons. An example of an oxidation reaction is the conversion of ethanol to acetic acid 

Since the O atom is 47% of the mass of H2O2, the oxygen availability of hydrogen peroxide is 47%. 

Reduction, which consists of loss of O, gain of H, or gain of electrons by a chemical species, is also a common operation in chemical synthesis. As is the case with oxidants, the reagents used to accomplish reduction can pose hazards and produce undesirable by-products. Such reductants include lithium aluminum hydride, LiAlH4, and tributyl tin hydride. 

For reduction involving the addition of H atoms to a molecule, the concept of hydrogen availability may be used. When lithium hydride, molecular mass 7.94, is employed as a reducing agent as in the synthesis of silane 

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Problem 1 emphasizes reagents for oxidation and reduction. Problems 2-4, stress the selectivity of oxidations and reductions in reaction sequences. Syntheses of Problem 5 TMs require choosing specific reagents to achieve chemo-, stereo-, or enantioselective oxidations or reductions. 

Synthesis methodology is expanded to cover a range of new reagents, including oxidants and reductants reagents for asymmetric synthesis and those derived from lithium, boron, silicon, phosphorus and sulphur. 

The kinetics and mechanism for oxidation and reduction of platinum(II) and platinum(IV) complexes with some reagents have been recently reported [29c]. 

Oxidation and reduction reactions can be carried out usiag reformer hydrogen and oxygen from the air. To decide when electroorganic synthesis is likely to be a viable option for a desired product, some opportunity factors are use of cheaper feedstock elimination of process step(s) or a difficult reaction avoidance of waste disposal, toxic materials, and/or abiUty to recycle reagent and abiUty to obtain products from anode and cathode. 

Heteropolyacids (HPA) are the unique class of inorganic complexes. They are widely used in different areas of science in biochemistry for the precipitation of albumens and alkaloids, in medicine as anticarcinogenic agents, in industry as catalysts. HPA are well known analytical reagents for determination of phosphoms, silica and arsenic, nitrogen-containing organic compounds, oxidants and reductants in solution etc. 

The equilibrium (1) at the electrode surface will lie to the right, i.e. the reduction of O will occur if the electrode potential is set at a value more cathodic than E. Conversely, the oxidation of R would require the potential to be more anodic than F/ . Since the potential range in certain solvents can extend from — 3-0 V to + 3-5 V, the driving force for an oxidation or a reduction is of the order of 3 eV or 260 kJ moR and experience shows that this is sufficient for the oxidation and reduction of most organic compounds, including many which are resistant to chemical redox reagents. For example, the electrochemical oxidation of alkanes and alkenes to carbonium ions is possible in several systems... 

These processes can be made to occur in a number of ways, for example with gas phase reagents such as AsF5 and I2, solution species such as FeCl3 or using electrochemical oxidation and reduction, but regardless of the method used the basic process is the same. If the material is to maintain overall electrical neutrality during and after doping, a counter ion is required, i.e., for p-doped materials,... 

A variety of redox reagents have been employed to effect both oxidation and reduction of coordinated macrocycles. For example, the... 

In contrast there are many examples for reduction processes on polymeric supports, because it is an especially useful transformation for aromatic nitro compounds in solid-phase chemistry. The reaction can be divided into two general classes polymer-bound substrates and polymer-bound oxidant- and reductant-reagents. 

Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of Chemical Reagents for Water and Wastewater Treatment... 

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