Reactor Design and Operation

Some reactors are designed specifically to withstand an explosion (14). The multitube fixed-bed reactors typically have ca 2.5-cm inside-diameter tubes, and heat from the highly exothermic oxidation reaction is removed by a circulating molten salt. This salt is a eutectic mixture of sodium and potassium nitrate and nitrite. Care must be taken in reactor design and operation because fires can result if the salt comes in contact with organic materials at the reactor operating temperature (15). Reactors containing over 20,000 tubes with a 45,000-ton annual production capacity have been constmcted. 

H. Kramers and K. R. Westerterp, Elements of Chemical Reactor Design and Operation, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1963, p. 228. 

Westerterp, van Swaaij, and Beenackers, Chemical Reactor Design and Operation, Wiley, 1984. 

Westerterp, van Swaaij, and Beenackers (Chemical Reactor Design and Operation, Wiley, 1984, pp. 674—746) also supply many references to other problems in the literature ... 

K. R. Westerterp, W. P. M. van Swaaij, and A. A. C. M. Beenackers, Chemical Reactor Design and Oper ation, John Wiley Sons, 1984. 

Coimnent, from tlie reactor design and operation viewpoint, on tlie data. 

Westerterp, K.R., van Swaaij, W.P.M. and Beenackers, A.A.C.M., 1995. Chemical Reactor Design and Operation. New York John Wiley Sons. 

Undoubtedly our understanding of the methanation reaction is unsatisfactory. Fortunately, the application of newer techniques (9) of vibrational and electronic spectroscopy to the study of the chemisorbed layer on single crystals will soon lead to greater insights and ultimately to better catalysts and better reactor design and operation. 

The combination of highly exothermic reactions with a sharp increase in viscosity as conversion proceeds controls reactor design and operational conditions in full-scale operations. The art of sulfonation is to maintain the optimal reaction temperature and reaction time, resulting in products with small amounts of byproducts and good color. 

This section of the current chapter goes beyond a simple listing of current three-phase biofluidization applications to consider the differences in conventional three-phase fluidization and biofluidization from the aspect of reactor design and operation. Past research into three-phase biofluidization has been summarized in several excellent reviews (Andrews, 1988 Fan, 1989 Heijnen et al., 1989 Schiigerl, 1989 Siegel and Robinson, 1992), and this chapter will concentrate on the main research themes and advances of the last few years. Though gas continuous three-phase fluidized bioreactors exist (Fan, 1989), we consider here only those bioreactors in which the liquid phase is the continuous phase. 

Abstract This chapter embodies two sections. In the first section a survey of the state of the art of azo-dye conversion by means of bacteria is presented, with a focus on reactor design and operational issues. The relevance of thorough characterization of reaction kinetics and yields is discussed. The second section is focused on recent results regarding the conversion of an azo-dye by means of bacterial biofilm in an internal loop airlift reactor. Experimental results are analyzed in the light of a comprehensive reactor model. Key issues, research needs and priorities regarding bioprocess development for azo-dye conversion are discussed. 

Westerterp KR, Van Swaaij WPM, Beenackers AACM (1993) Chemical reactor design and operation. Wiley, New York... 

Computer software allows the solution of more complex problems that require numerical, as opposed to analytical, techniques. Thus, a student can explore situations that more closely approximate real reactor designs and operating conditions. This includes studying the sensitivity of a calculated result to changing operating conditions. 

CHEMICAL REACTIVITY CONSIDERATIONS IN PROCESS/REACTOR DESIGN AND OPERATION... 

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