Reactive oxygen species MAPK activation

IkB inhibitory protein kappa B lCAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 lL-1 interleukin-1 LDL low density lipoprotein MAPKs mitogen activated protein kinases MCP-1 macrophage chemotactic protein 1 M-CSF macrophage colony stimulating factor mmLDL minimally modified LDL NAC A-acetylcysteine NF-kB nuclear factor-kappa B oxLDL oxidised LDL PKC protein kinase C PMA phobol myristate acetate ROS reactive oxygen species TNF-a tumour necrosis factor alpha AM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1... 

Figure 22.3 Signaling pathways activated by CpG DNA. CpG is thought to enter the cell via a pH-dependent step that may be receptor mediated. There is a possible role for the toll like receptor 9 (TLR-9). Once inside the cell, CpG DNA appears to act, through a number of signal transduction pathways, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), the ubiquitination and degradation of IrcB, and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which ultimately lead to the induction of activating protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB).

Fig. 9.1 Schematic model depicting the key events which mediate diabetes-associated vascular complications. Diabetes/hyperglycemia augments the levels of vasoactive peptides including Ang II/ET-1 that enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS-induced activation of growth-promoting signaling pathways, such as PKC and MAPK, contributes to aberrant vascular functions.

Table 3 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative conditions activating MAPK...

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mediate apoptosis and cell growth, and jim N-terminal kinase (JNK) in particular is activated by oxidative stress. Yang et al. (2008) suggested that JNKs/SAPKs and p38 MAPK are classic oxidative stress-activated protein kinases, and Kim et al. (2004) observed that treatment with selenite increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and JNKl phosphorylation in Chang liver cells. 

Fig. 3. Possible intracellular signaling cascade involved in regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression. Abbreviations AP-1, activator protein 1 ERK, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase IkB, inhibitory Bk JNK, c-Jun NHj-terminal kinase MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase MKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase NFkB, nuclear factor-KB NIK, NF-KB-inducing kinase PKC, protein kinase C TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate ROS, reactive oxygen species UV, ultraviolet light.

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