Reactions of halogen molecules

Emission from IF A and B) has been reported [627] from the direct four-centre reaction of laser-excited IJ + F2. However, later studies [626, 629] suggest that other processes may be responsible for the IF emission observed. 

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How did something as seemingly abstract as the quantum mechanical model of I the atom help the development of modern materials and light sources The concept of orbital shapes and energies ultimately provided ways to predict chemical reactivities and optimize conditions in which reactions occur. Halogen lamps are predicated on the chemical reaction of halogen molecules with the mngsten wire of... 

The reaction of halogen molecules (X = Cl, Br, 1) with cold aqueous alkali to yield hypo-halite (OX ) and halide (X ) may be viewed as a classic inorganic 8 2 displacement, rather similar to the reaction with pyridine mentioned above ... 

Q.-B. Lu, Phys. Rep., 487,141-167 (2010). Cosmic-Ray-Driven Electron-Induced Reactions of Halogenated Molecules Adsorbed on Ice Surfaces Implications for Atmospheric Ozone Depletion and Global Climate Change. 

In redox flow batteries such as Zn/Cl2 and Zn/Br2, carbon plays a major role in the positive electrode where reactions involving Cl2 and Br2 occur. In these types of batteries, graphite is used as the bipolar separator, and a thin layer of high-surface-area carbon serves as an electrocatalyst. Two potential problems with carbon in redox flow batteries are (i) slow oxidation of carbon and (ii) intercalation of halogen molecules, particularly Br2 in graphite electrodes. The reversible redox potentials for the Cl2 and Br2 reactions [Eq. (8) and... 

The reactions of halogens and hydrogen halides with alkenes are electrophilic addition reactions. This means that the initial attack on the organic molecule is by an electron-deficient species that accepts a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. This species is called an electrophile. In the case of the reaction with hydrogen bromide, the mechanism for the reaction is as shown. 

The application of chemiluminescence by Polanyi and his collaborators to the determination of the dissociation energies of sodium and potassium is an elegant but rather specialized study in the field. It was found that when sodium and halogen vapours react in a very dilute flame , intense chemiluminescence is produced, which can only be attributed to the reaction of halogen atoms with Na2 molecules ... 

The purpose of our work was to examine whether the compressed hot cluster provides an effective medium for reactions with high barriers. In the simplest case of cluster impact experiments, the reactants are embedded inside a rare gas cluster, and this cold droplet is incident on an inert surface at various velocities. Two classes of reactions were examined in detail using standard molecular dynamics simulations the dissociation of halogen molecules and four-center reactions. ... 

A. Reactions of Halogen Atoms with Halogen Molecules.283... 

Chemi-ionization has been observed54 in the reactions of K2 with HgX2 and SnX4, but with much lower cross sections for ion formation, Q, 0T A2, than in the reactions with halogen molecules, Q-, 3-10 A2. Other polyhalide molecules studied did not yield any observable chemi-ionization giving an upper bound to their chemi-ionization cross sections, < 0001 A2. 

We saw earlier that alkenes react readily with halogens to form addition products, because the pi bond in C=C can be broken easily. The most common reaction of halogens with benzene is the substitution reaction, in which an atom or group of atoms replaces an atom or groups of atoms in another molecule. For example. 

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