Reaction with chlonne

HAZARD RISK Very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame moderately explosive in the vapor form when exposed to heat or flame forms explosive peroxides when exposed to air can explode spontaneously reaction with ozone forms dangerous products decomposition emits toxic fumes of hydrogen chlonde, chlonne and phosgene NFPA Code H 4 F4 R2. 

PROBABLE FATE photolysis very little specific data, but photolysis may claim some of the dissolved compound, atmospheric and aquatic photolytic half-life 4.4-13 hrs, subject to near surface, direct photolysis with a half-life of 4.4 hrs, if released to air, it will be subject to direct photolysis, although adsorption may affect the rate, reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals gives an estimated half-life of gas phase crysene of 1.25 hrs oxidation chlonne and/or ozone in sufficient quantities may oxidize chrysene, photooxidation half-life in air 0.802-8.02 hrs hydrolysis not an important process volatilization probably too slow to compete with adsorption as a transport process, will not appreciably evaporate sorption adsorption onto suspended solids and sediment is the dominant transport process if released to soil or to water, expected to adsorb very strongly to the soil biological processes short-term bioaccumulation, metabolization and biodegradation are the principal fates... 

Figure 8. Polarization curve and current efficiency for chlonne evolution reaction with graphite anode having rough or corroded surface in saturated NaCl (pH = 2.3) at 50°C.

Reactions of Electropositive Chlonne Compounds with Fluorocarbons Schack, C. J, Chnste, K O. 1st. j Chem 17, 20-30 99... 

Mixtures of 1 -phenyl-3,3,3-tnfluoropropene which are 97-98% E and 2-3% Z react quickly with elemental chlonne without irradiation or heating The reaction IS nonstereospecific and produces mixtures of diastereomers m ratios between 1 1 5 and 1 3 i [9] (equation 3)... 

Primary alkyl chlorides are fairly stable to fluorine displacement. When fluonnated, 1-chloropropane is converted to 1-chloroheptafluoropropane and 1-chloro-2-methylbutane produces 39% l-chlorononafluoro-2-methylbutane and 19% perfluoro-2-methylbutane. Secondary and tertiary alkyl chlorides can undergo 1,2-chlonne shifts to afford perfluormated primary alkyl chlorides 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane gives l-chlorononafluoro-2-methylpropane, and three products are obtained by the fluonnation of 3-chloropentane [3] (equation 1). Aerosol fluonna-tion of dichloromethane produces dichlorodifluoromethane which is isolated in 98% purity [4] (equation 2). If the molecule contains only carbon and halogens, the picture is different. Molecular beam analysis has shown that the reaction of fluorine with carbon tetrachloride, lodotrichloromethane, or bromotrichloromethane proceeds first by abstraction of halogen to form a trichloromethyl radical [5]... 

The reactivity of tetraphenylphosphonium hydrogen difluoride is comparable with more conventional chlonne-fluonne exchange reagents It can be used and regenerated as illustrated in equation 18 and its preparation is outlined in Procedure 3, p 193 The rate of reaction of tetraphenylphosphonium hydrogen difluonde with benzyl bromide using a fluoride concentration of 0 12 M in acetomtnle (f1/2=25 min at 52 °C) can be compared with that achieved by replacing it with potassium fluoride- 18-crown-6 (tm = 11 5 h at 82 °C) [28] The... 

Reductive cleavages of carbon-chlonne bonds by active metals and with photochemical activation figure in recent studies aimed at HFCs and HCFCs Sodium amalgam [33] (equation 25), zinc powder [34] (equation 26), and alumi-num/tin chloride [35] (equation 26) are all used in conjunction with protic solvents in reactions giving high yields and conversions... 

Chlorine Dioxide. Chlorine dioxide, C102. is a gas that is more hazardous than chlonne. Large amounts for pulp bleaching are made by several processes in which sodium chlorate is reduced with chloride, methanol, or sulfur dioxide in highly acidic solutions by complex reactions. For most other purposes chlorine dioxide is made from sodium chlorite. 

Deoxygenation of a nitrone. Some years ago Todd and co-workers noted that 1-pyrroline-1-oxides can be obtained by reductive cyclization of a y-nitro ketone. This reaction was used recently in a synthesis of chlonns related to vitamin B,. Thus the nitro ketone 1 on reduction with zinc and acetic acid gives the pyrroline N-oxide 2 in high yield. The N-oxide is stable to triphenylphosphiue or trimethyl phosphite, but is reduced to the imine 3 in high yield by TiCl,. 

Another example of a simultaneous chlonne-fluorme exchange and rearrangement IS the reaction of ort/io-methylphenylchloroformate with hydrogen fluoride to give a stable tetrafluorobenzodioxin [34 (equation 25)... 

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