Reaction Ribonucleic acid

Fohc acid is a precursor of several important enzyme cofactors required for the synthesis of nucleic acids (qv) and the metaboHsm of certain amino acids. Fohc acid deficiency results in an inabiUty to produce deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and certain proteins (qv). Megaloblastic anemia is a common symptom of folate deficiency owing to rapid red blood cell turnover and the high metaboHc requirement of hematopoietic tissue. One of the clinical signs of acute folate deficiency includes a red and painhil tongue. Vitamin B 2 folate share a common metaboHc pathway, the methionine synthase reaction. Therefore a differential diagnosis is required to measure foHc acid deficiency because both foHc acid and vitamin B 2 deficiency cause... 

List of Abbreviations PCR, polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid RNA, ribonucleic acid RNase, ribonuclease mRNA, messenger RNA GABAa, y-aminobutyric acid type A cRNA, copy RNA dNTPs, deoxy nucleoside triphosphates MMLV, Mouse Moloney murine leukemia vims RT, reverse transcriptase bp, base pair Tm, melting temperature DEPC, diethylpyrocarbonate OD, optical density mL, milliliter SA-PMPs, streptavidin paramagnetic particles dT, deoxy thymidine DTT, dithiothreitol DNase, deoxyribonuclease RNasin, ribonuclease inhibitor UV, ultraviolet TBE, Tris-borate, 1 mM EDTA EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Buffer RET, guanidium thiocyanate lysis buffer PBS, phosphate buffered saline NT2, Ntera 2 neural progenitor cells... 

List of Abbreviations cDNA, complementary DNA ddH20, double-distilled H2O dNTP, deoxyribonu-cleotide triphosphate EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid MgCl2, magnesium chloride mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid NaOH, sodium hydroxide PCR, polymerase chain reaction qRT PCR, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction RNase, ribonuclease RT PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction UTR, untranslated region... 

Enzymes are biological catalysts—i. e substances of biological origin that accelerate chemical reactions (see p. 24). The orderly course of metabolic processes is only possible because each cell is equipped with its own genetically determined set of enzymes. It is only this that allows coordinated sequences of reactions (metabolic pathways see p. 112). Enzymes are also involved in many regulatory mechanisms that allow the metabolism to adapt to changing conditions (see p.ll4). Almost all enzymes are proteins. However, there are also catalytically active ribonucleic acids, the ribozymes" (see pp. 246, 252). 

A third type of reaction employing B, coenzyme is the reduction of —CH(OH)— groups to —CH — groups, as in the reduction of ribonucleic acid (RNA) to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). 

Each one of the thousands of chemical reactions of metabolism is catalyzed by an enzyme. Most of these enzymes are proteins, but others are made from RNA (ribonucleic acid). In both cases enzymes are very large molecules with precise three-dimensional structures. The study of the properties of enzymes and of enzymatic catalysis is a third theme of the book. Not only are the chemical mechanisms by which enzymes act of interest but also enzymes are often targets for useful drugs. Incorrectly formed enzymes can result in serious diseases. 

N. K. Kochetkov, E. I. Budowsky, and N. A. Simukova, The reaction of hydroxylamine with ribonucleic acid, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 55 (1962) 255-257. 

Analogous reactions have been carried out with uridine (CXI, b series) and with l-jS-D-ribofuranosylthymine (CXI, c series).62 The latter series provided an avenue to the synthesis of 5 -methylcytidine, a nucleoside which is probably identical with that detected by Dunn60 in the ribonucleic acid of wheat germ. The thiation process has also been applied to the synthesis of 5 -fluorocytidine and 2-deoxy-5 -fluorocytidine261 from 5 -fluoro-uridine and 2-deoxy-5 -fluorouridine,209,228 respectively.2618... 

An answer to this apparent riddle is provided by RNA. Ribonucleic acid is actually a DNA equivalent, since it can store and replicate genetic information. Importantly, it is also a protein equivalent, since it can catalyze critical chemical reactions. Indeed, the first life-forms were probably entirely RNA based, and RNA has remained part of our cellular systems (Watson, 2004). Thus, RNA translates the genetic information coded for in our DNA into information that proteins can understand and act upon and does so in a remarkable manner. 

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