Ray Satellite Lines

Apart from the X-ray diagram lines considered above, weak emissions are observed that cannot fit into energy level schemes of singly ionized atoms they are listed as nondiagram lines . 

Such emissions, often located in the spectra close to intense diagram lines are also called satellites. 

In many cases, the more intense ones appear on the high energy side of the parent lines. Most of them are due to transitions in atoms containing more than one initial electronic hole. Double electron transitions were also considered to interprete them. Emissions resulting from an initial state with two (or more) holes in the same inner level are called hyper-satellites. 

Many textbooks and papers deal with the origin of satellites information and references can be found, e.g., in [1]. 

Multiple hole creation may result from direct excitation or from Auger and Coster-Kronig processes (see [2]). Under ion bombardment direct ionization to the target continuum of states can compete with electron capture by the projectile. It is known, that X-ray spectra excited by heavy ions may show intense multiple emissions whose energies correspond to electron- or photon-excited satellites. A great number of experiments and theoretical calculations then refer to one-electron transition in multi-ionized atoms [4]. 

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The mode 1 is relevant to emissions of the A, C, D and E Auger and XO X-ray diagram lines, and the mode 2 is relevant to emissions of the B Auger and XI X-ray satellite lines, respectively. The mode 3 is divided into two, i.e. 3i and 32 which might relevant to Auger emissions of the F 2p or HOMO electron... 

The valence-region spectrum of UN3, after correction for X-ray satellite lines and for structure in the background produced by the scattering of the primary photoelectrons, is shown in Figure 5 [41]. The five peaks labeled I through V are the major features. Barber and coworkers [42] reported a similar spectrum for UN3, except that in their results peak III occurred only 4.5 eV deeper than peak II. 

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