Range of radiation

The measured SAXS curve of the calibration sample must have been pre-processed in the usual way (cf. Sects. 7.3 - 7.6). Therefore it is important to have calibration samples with a well-defined thickness27. Because synchrotron beamlines can be adjusted to a fairly wide range of radiation power, it is important to have thin calibration samples for a high-power adjustment (e.g., common SAXS with wide slit openings) and thick calibration samples for low-power adjustments (e.g., USAXS with microbeam). For calibration samples from synthetic polymers, thicknesses ranging between 0.2 mm and 3 mm are reasonable. It appears worth to be noted that not only polymers, but as well glassy carbon [88] can be used as a solid secondary standard for the calibration to absolute intensity. 

Everyone s eyes are different, so some can see colours that others cannot. By convention, we need to define ranges of radiation, by using the following ... 

A number of radiation fields spanning a range of radiation qualities are used to accommodate the range of radiation qualities encountered in the workplace. 

Spectrum.—The line emission spectrum of arsenic has been the subject of much investigation3 throughout the whole range of radiations accessible to photography and under varying conditions of excitation. It is characterised by a great number of lines and is difficult to analyse because many important lines lie in the far ultraviolet or in the infra-red. 

Table 1.2 shows the wide range of radiation used in different types of spectroscopy. The kinds of energy level that are probed in these experiments also differ widely. Very low photon energies, in the radio frequency spectrum,... 

Table I. Storage-Life Range of Radiation-Pasteurized Fish and Shellfish of the Pacific Coast at Tentative Recommended Levels of...

Dr David Hucknall joined Leybold Vacuum UK Ltd in 1986 and has unrivalled expertise in vacuum technology. Since 1991 he has represented the UK on the European Working Croup responsible for drafting standards on leak detection. Dr Alan Morris, currently at the University of Southampton, has over 25 years experience in the field of gas phase UV photoelectron spectroscopy. He has contributed to the design and development ofspectrometers for the study of unstable species using a wide range of radiation sources. 

The wide spread of radiation including visible colours (and unseen radiation, like ultraviolet and infrared) that composes the full energy range of radiation. 

Type and energy range of radiation Radiation weighting factor Wg... 

It seemed interesting to follow the formal kinetics of the reaction. It has already been reported [42] that within the entire range of radiation doses used, the reaction is reversible, i.e. the polymer underwent... 

The important wave length range of radiation was 3000 to 4000 A. for the photochemical production of ozone in smog. 

All these theories are now only of historical interest because developments in spectroscopic techniques and the application of the quantum theory and wave mechanics are throwing an entirely new light upon our understanding of the causes of colour. In the first place, spectroscopy has shown that all organic compounds, whether they contain chromophores or not, absorb radiation. The fact that some are coloured is purely fortuitous because it so happens that their strong absorption bands lie within the narrow range of radiation to which the human eye is sensitive. Colour, therefore, is only a special aspect of a general phenomenon. 

Measuring cuvettes, in which sample solutions are placed, are made of various materials depending on the range of radiation used in the measurement. Measurements in the UV are performed with the use of quartz cuvettes. Synthetic quartz, which is less contaminated with traces of metals, has better optical properties. Measurements in the VIS range are made using quartz, glass, or plastic cuvettes. 

The spectral distribution over the visible wavelength range may be rather consistent for the different light sources, but there are significantly different spectral distributions in the UV range of radiation. This may be illustrated by comparing the... 

One of the first choices in regard to photo-stability studies is whether to use Option I or Option II as the light source. The goal of both options is to expose the sample to a range of radiation (approximately 320-800 nm) that simulates filtered sunlight, until a total cumulative exposure is achieved. The difference is that Option I provides for a single radiation source to achieve this exposure and Option II provides for two... 

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