Radioactivity energy

Joly, J. (1909). R idio icdvity and Geology An Account of the Influence of Radioactive Energy on Tcircstrial TJistoiy. London A. Conscable. 

Half-life" is the time it takes a radioactive material to release half of its radioactive energy. Half-life may also be defined as the time required for radioactivity levels to drop by a factor of 2. 

Such as it appears in Duchamp s titular inscriptions, Linda Henderson also relates the verb tranverser to contemporary scientific discoveries, namely the penetration of solid forms by electronic and radioactive energy. While there was indeed much talk around 1912 about such invisible transversing energies, Duchamp seems particularly original in having made the popular modernist topic neo-alchemical. 

Mr. Rutherford suggests that radioactive bodies generate an emanation or gaseous material which carries the radioactivity. In the opinion of M. Curie and myself, the generation of a gas by radium is a supposition which is not so far justified. We consider the emanation as radioactive energy stored up in the gas in a form hitherto unknown. ... 

In the corresponding place in the revised thesis this statement is omitted and Rutherford and Soddy s theory given Tt may be supposed that the evolution of radioactive energy corresponds with a transformation of the nature itself of... 

NRX was expected to produce cobalt with a specific activity between 20 and 60 curies per gram, which meant that one gram would generate the same radioactive energy as 32 to 96 grams of radium. The Chalk River scientists recognized that cobalt-60 of high specific activity (HSA) was a product that NRX was... 

The method implies injection of a mixture of 3 radioactive tracers each being distributed into one of the 3 phases. The tracers must show such differences in the emitting y-radiation energy spectra that they can be simultaneously detected by on line y-spectrometry. Candidate tracers are Br-82 as bromobenzene for oil, Na-24 or La-140 for water, and Kr-85 for gas. The tracers are injected simultaneously at a constant rate into the flow in the pressurised pipe, and the concentration is detected as series of instantaneous measurements taken downstream as illustrated in figure 2. 

The fusion of hydrogen into helium provides the energy of the hydrogen bomb. The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. While it is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay product, the bulk of the Free World s supply is obtained from wells in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The only known helium extraction plants, outside the United States, in 1984 were in Eastern Europe (Poland), the USSR, and a few in India. 

Selectivity rarely is of concern with radiochemical methods because most samples contain only a single radioactive isotope. When several radioactive isotopes are present, differences in the energies of their respective radioactive particles can be used to determine each isotope s activity. 

In comparison with most other analytical techniques, radiochemical methods are usually more expensive and require more time to complete an analysis. Radiochemical methods also are subject to significant safety concerns due to the analyst s potential exposure to high-energy radiation and the need to safely dispose of radioactive waste. 

External stimulus flow meters are generally electrical in nature. These devices derive their signal from the interaction of the fluid motion with some external stimulus such as a magnetic field, laser energy, an ultrasonic beam, or a radioactive tracer. 

Irradiation type Average energy, eV Coloration uniformity Induced radioactivity Locali2ed heating... 

Nucleus Radioactive decay product y-Ray energy, keV T - 1/2 Production... 

Waste Treatment. Microwave energy has been studied for the desulfurization of coal (qv) and treatment of wastes (190). Developments in microwave incinerators for medical and radioactive wastes have occurred (191,192). Even a consumer unit for consumption of sohd household waste has been proposed (193). Economic factors remain a key barrier in these developments. 

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