Radiative convection

If a sample substance is introduced into a plasma, its constituent molecules experience a number of radiative, convective, and collisional processes that break the molecules into their constituent atoms, which appear mostly in ionized form. 

Fig. 1. Model Spectra re-binned to CRIRES Resolution To demonstrate the potential for precise isotopic abundance determination two representative sample absorption spectra, normalized to unity, are shown. They result from a radiative transfer calculation using a hydrostatic MARCS model atmosphere for 3400 K. MARCS stands for Model Atmosphere in a Radiative Convective Scheme the methodology is described in detail e.g. in [1] and references therein. The models are calculated with a spectral bin size corresponding to a Doppler velocity of 1 They are re-binned to the nominal CRIRES resolution (3 p), which even for the slowest rotators is sufficient to resolve absorption lines. The spectral range covers ss of the CRIRES detector-array and has been centered at the band-head of a 29 Si16 O overtone transition at 4029 nm. In both spectra the band-head is clearly visible between the forest of well-separated low- and high-j transitions of the common isotope. The lower spectrum is based on the telluric ratio of the isotopes 28Si/29Si/30Si (92.23 4.67 3.10) whereas the upper spectrum, offset by 0.4 in y-direction, has been calculated for a ratio of 96.00 2.00 2.00.

The total radiative-convective heat transfer coefficient in still air at 25 °C is 30 W/m2 K. 

Ramanathan, V., Radiative Transfer within the Earth s Troposphere and Stratosphere A Simplified Radiative-Convective Model, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1330-1346 (1976). 

Charlock, T. P., and W. D. Sellers, 1980. Aerosol effects on climate calculations with time-dependent and steady-state radiative-convective models, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1327-1341. 

Based on calculations for 3M using a one-dimensional radiative convective model developed by... 

Ramanathan V. and Coakley J.A. (1978). Climate modelling through radiative-convective models. Revs. Geophys. Space Phys., 16, 465-489. 

Figure 3. Radiative, convective, and total heat flux to the combustor wall. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 11. Copyright 1979, Science Applications, Inc.)...

Hansen et al. (1978), with a one-dimensional radiative-convective model, simulated the thermal response of the atmosphere to the increased amount of aerosol at low latitudes. The resulting stratospheric temperature increase, which matches reasonably well the average heating observed, is... 

Pollack and Ackerman (1983) have reported the results of calculation with a one-dimensional radiative-convective model which predict the El Chichon cloud to have caused an increase of planetary albedo of 10%, a decrease in total radiation at the ground of 2-3%, and an increase in temperature of 3.5 degrees at the 30 mbar level. The GCM of the European Center for Medium Range Forecast was utilised to model the perturbation introduced by a fixed layer with an optical thickness of 0.15 added to the background a stratospheric warming of 3.5 C in the stratosphere and a cooling of about 0.1 C near the surface was obtained (Tanre and Geleyn, 1984). 

BrOhl C., Ultraviolet cooling of COi, NiO and CHi in the stratosphere based on the radiative convective model of Ramanathan (1976) and the greenhouse effect of these gases at the surface a detailed code description. Intetnal report NCAR/0304/83-GER, Boulder, Colorado (1983). 

Ramanathan V., Radiative transfer in the earth s troposphere and stratosphere-, a simplified radiative-convective model. J. Atmos. Sd. , 33, 1330-1345 (1976). 

TABLE 21.3 Surface Temperature Changes Using a One-Dimensional Radiative-Convective Model (Assuming No Feedbacks) for a Range of Forcing Mechanisms, Together with the Radiative Forcing at the Tropopause (AF) and the Climate Sensitivity Parameter (Ao)"... 

The difference between the absorbed solar radiation and the net infrared radiation. Experimental data show that radiation from the earth s natural surfaces is rather close to the radiation from a black body at the corresponding temperature the ratio of the observed values of radiation to black body radiation is generally 0.90 -1.0. radiative-convective models... 

FIGURE 5 Pure-radiative (dashed lines) and radiative-convective equilibrium (solid lines) temperature profiles for four different optical depths, and for f =0.30. Open circles represent the 1976 standard atmosphere. The radiative-convective adjustment procedure is discussed in the text. 

In our more general radiative-convective solution, it is once again necessary to tune the optical depth to match the observations. A larger opacity is needed because of the greater efficiency of upward heat transport. Figure 5 shows that r = 4 provides a very good fit to the empirical 1976 model at all heights in the troposphere. 

Marinova, M. M., McKay, C. R, Hashimoto, H. (2005). Radiative-convective model of warming Mars with artificial greenhouse gases. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, E03002. doi 10.1029/2004JE002306. 

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