Radiation generating machines

A cyclotron is required to be registered with the state since it produces radionuclides. A dedicated PET scanner may or may not be required to be registered in a state depending on the state s statutes on this matter. Many states require a certificate of need (CON) prior to the purchase of a PET scanner, a mobile PET, or a PET/CT scanner. A PET/CT scanner is required to be registered with the state because of the CT unit, since all states require registration of radiation-generating machines. 

Safety of radioactive sources and of radiation generating machines... 

There are two kinds of radiation, electromagnetic and particle. The former behaves in some experiments as if it were a beam of photons, but these have no mass and can be regarded as packets of energy. Particle radiation, on the other hand, consists of beams of particles having mass. Cathode rays and p radiation, for example, consist of beams of electrons, and a radiation consists of a beam of helium nuclei. Particle-generating machines such as cyclotrons produce beams of protons, deuterons, and other particles. 

In the history of SR research, one generally groups the laboratories which used the radiation of high energy physics machines in a parasitic mode in the category of the first generation machines (eg, Desy at Hambin-g, the Cornell Synchrotron, Nina in Daresbury). The second generation machines are those that were dedicated to the production of SR and in which care was taken to optimize the electron beamsizes (NSLS at Brookhaven, Photon Factory in Tsukuba, SRS at... 

Living cells are delicately balanced chemical machines. The ionization track generated by a nuclear particle upsets this balance, almost always destroying the cell in the process. Although the body has a remarkable ability to repair and replace damaged cells, exposure to radiation can overload these control mechanisms, causing weakness, illness, and even death. 

Wind is the motion of air masses caused by the different thermal conditions that occur over the earth s surface as a result of the transmission of solar radiation. Wind energy is defined as the kinetic energy of the wind converted into mechanical work. This mechanical work can be used to drive an electrical generator for the production of electricity. A machine that performs this conversion is called a wind turbine generator (WTG) and a group of these, including the auxiliary equipment, constitute a WF. 

Whether the radiation source is a machine-generated e-beam, isotopic gamma rays, or machine-generated x-rays (bremsstrahlung), a continuum of x-rays and electrons is produced as the initial event dissipates its energy in the irradiated medium. This chapter will focus on an e-beam source, as this is the most likely source to be used in a waste-treatment application. It should be noted that most of the comments made here are equally applicable to other sources of radiation. 

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