Radiation aquatic organisms

Table 32.21. Radiation Effects on Selected Aquatic Organisms... 

Donaldson, L.R. and R.F. Foster. 1957. Effects of radiation on aquatic organisms. Pages 96-102 in National Academy of Sciences. The Effects of Atomic Radiation on Oceanography and Fisheries. Publ. No. 551. Natl. Acad. Sci.-Natl. Res. Coun., Washington, D.C. 

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 1976. Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems. Technical Reports Series No. 172. IAEA, Vienna, Austria. 131 pp. 

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). 1991. Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Aquatic Organisms. NCRP Rep. No. 109. 115 pp. Available from NCRP Publications, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Bethesda, MD 29814. 

Table 32.21. (continued) Radiation Effects on Selected Aquatic Organisms Taxonomic Group, Organism, Dose,... 

SC 64-8 Ocean Disposal of Radioactive Waste SC 64-9 Effects of Radiation on Aquatic Organisms SC 64-10 Xenon SC 64-11 Low Level Waste... 

The flux of DOC from terrestrial landscapes to surface runoff has wide-ranging consequences for aquatic chemistry and biology. DOC affects the complexation, solubility, and mobility of metals (Perdue et al., 1976 Driscoll et al., 1988 Martell et al., 1988 see Chapter 8) as well as the adsorption of pesticides to soils (Senesi, 1992 Worrall et al., 1997). Formation of trihalomethanes when drinking water is disinfected with chlorine, a worldwide threat to water supplies, is also linked to DOC concentrations (Siddiqui et al., 1997). DOC attenuates ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and thus provides some protection to aquatic biota from exposure to harmful UV radiation (e.g., Williamson and Zagarese, 1994). Finally, DOC affects the heat balance and thus stratification in lakes, which is an important constraint for aquatic organisms with limited habitats (Schindler et al., 1996, 1997). 

US Environmental Protection Agency. Effects of radiation on aquatic organisms and radiobiological methodologies for effects assessment. EPA 520/1 - 85-016. Washington, DC, 1986. 

The UVR reaching aquatic organisms in their natural habitat comes from the sun. Extra-terrestrial radiation is modified as it passes through the Earth s atmosphere and there are many factors that influence the radiation arriving at the surface of the Earth. These include the state of the atmosphere (clear, clean, cloudy, polluted), position on the Earth (latitude and altitude) and season (relative position of the sun to location on Earth). Further attenuation then occurs as the radiation passes through the water environment to reach aquatic organisms. These latter complications are dealt with in Chapter 3 here we deal only with the UVR incident at the ground, or water surface. 

C.E. Williamson, P.J. Neale, G. Grad, H.J. De Lange, B.R. Hargreaves (2001). Beneficial and detrimental effects of UV radiation on aquatic organisms implications of variation in spectral composition Ecol. Appl. 11,1843-1857. 

W.F. Vincent, P.J. Neale (2000). Mechanisms of UV damage to aquatic organisms. In S. de Mora, S. Demers, M. Vernet (Eds), The Effects ofUV Radiation in the Marine Environment (pp. 149-176). Cambridge University,Press. 

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