Racial disparity

Kuno, E. 8c Rothbard, A. B. (2002). Racial disparities in antipsychotic prescription patterns for patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry, 159, 567-72. 

Reports of racial disparities in medical care and health status in the United States are common. The United States government has targeted the elimination of racial disparities in health status as a national priority in health policy [18]. Examples of racial disparities include differences in the aggressiveness of treatment ordered for white patients and black patients with cancer [19] and heart disease... 

Several factors affect racial disparities in health. Traditional explanations point to social, economic, and environmental factors, including income, educational and employment status, lifestyle choices, occupational and... 

Byrd, M.W. and L. Clayton, "Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care A Background and History," In Unequal Treatment Confronting Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Care, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (2002b). 

Smedley, B., et al., Unequal Treatment Confronting Racial Disparities in Health Care, Washington, DC National Academy Press (2002). 

Welch, Ronald H. and Angulo, Carlos T, Justice On Trial Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System (Washington, DC Leadership Conference on Civil Rights / Leadership Conference Education Fund, May... 

Key Recommendations from Punishment and Prejudice Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs." (2000, June). Washington, DC Human Rights Watch. http //www.hrw.org/campaigns/drugs/war/key-reco.htm... 

Zito, J.M., Safer, D.J., dosReis, S., and Riddle, M.A. (1998a). Racial disparity in psychotropic medications prescribed for youths with Medicaid insurance in Maryland. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37 179-184. 

Hertz RP, Unger AN, Cornell JA, Saunders E. Racial disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, and management. Arch Intern Med. 2005 165 2098-2104. 

The increasing U.S. black—white racial disparity in infant mortality is apparently a result of improvements in the survival of white preterm and low-birth-weight infants, a consequence of improved access by whites to advances in medical technology.8... 

Alexander, G. R., Wingate, M. S., Bader, D., Kogan, M. D. (2008). The increasing racial disparity in infant mortality rates composition and contributors to recent US trends. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 198 51.61—51.69. 

J. Zeber. Racial Disparities Found in Pinpointing Mental Illness, quoted by Shankar Vedantam in Washington... 

When the examination results showed that white candidates had outperformed minority candidates, the mayor and other local politicians opened a public debate that turned rancorous. Some firefighters argued the tests should be discarded because the results showed the tests to be discriminatory. They threatened a discrimination lawsuit if the City made promotions based on the tests. Other firefighters said the exams were neutral and fair. And they, in turn, threatened a discrimination lawsuit if the City, relying on the statistical racial disparity, ignored the test results and denied promotions to the candidates who had performed well. In the end the City took the side of those who protested the test results. It threw out the examinations. 

The District Court did not adhere to this principle, however. It held that respondents motivation to avoid making promotions based on a test with a racially disparate impact... does not, as a matter of law, constitute discriminatory intent 554 F.Supp.2d, at 160. And the Government makes a similar argument in this 2674 Court. It contends that the structure of Title VII belies any claim that an employer s intent to comply with Title VITs disparate-impact provisions constitutes prohibited discrimination on the basis of race. Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 11. But both of those statements turn upon the City s objectiveavoiding disparate-impact liability— while ignoring the City s conduct in the name... 

The City of New Haven (City) was no exception. In the early 1970s, African-Americans and Hispanics composed 30 percent of New Haven s population, but only 3.6 percent of the City s 502 firefighters. The racial disparity in the officer ranks was even more pronounced [0]f the 107 officers in the Department only one was black, and he held the lowest rank above private. Firebird Soc. of New Haven, Inc. v. New Haven Bd. of Fire Comm rs, 66 F.R.D. 457,460 (Conn.1975). 

The Mellon Mays Undergradnate Fellowship Program (MMUF), http //www.mmuf.org/ (accessed December 15,2010). Funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the MMUF objective is to increase the nnmber minority students, and others with a demonstrated commitment to eradicating racial disparities, who will pursne PhDs in core fields in the arts and sciences in core fields within the arts and sciences, and to diversify the faculties at colleges and universities by providing support for qualified minority scholars (from Web page). 

---