Quantum dots applications

The CA is a powerful paradigm for pattern formation and self-organization, an area of increasing importance in nanotechnology. CA have not yet been extensively used in nanotechnology applications, though their use in quantum dot applications is growing. 

A.J. Nozik, Exdton multiplication and relaxation dynamics in quantum dots Application to ultrahigh-efficiency solar photon conversion, Inorg. Chem. 44 (2005) 6893-6899. 

QUANTUM-CONFINED IMPURITIES AS SINGLE-ATOM QUANTUM DOTS APPLICATION TO TERAHERTZ EMITTERS... 

In conclusion, wc have shown the interesting information which one can get from electrical resistivity measurements on SWCNT and MWCNT and the exciting applications which can be derived. MWCNTs behave as an ultimate carbon fibre revealing specific 2D quantum transport features at low temperatures weak localisation and universal conductance fluctuations. SWCNTs behave as pure quantum wires which, if limited in length, reduce to quantum dots. Thus, each type of CNT has its own features which are strongly dependent on the dimensionality of the electronic gas. We have also briefly discussed the very recent experimental results obtained on the thermopower of SWCNT bundles and the effect of intercalation on the electrical resistivity of these systems. 

Particularly attractive for numerous bioanalytical applications are colloidal metal (e.g., gold) and semiconductor quantum dot nanoparticles. The conductivity and catalytic properties of such systems have been employed for developing electrochemical gas sensors, electrochemical sensors based on molecular- or polymer-functionalized nanoparticle sensing interfaces, and for the construction of different biosensors including enzyme-based electrodes, immunosensors, and DNA sensors. Advances in the application of molecular and biomolecular functionalized metal, semiconductor, and magnetic particles for electroanalytical and bio-electroanalytical applications have been reviewed by Katz et al. [142]. 

In the 1980s, CdSe quantum dots vere prepared by top-dovm techniques such as lithography ho vever, size variations, crystal defects, poor reproducibility, and poor optical properties of quantum dots made them inadequate for advanced applications. Introduction of bottom-up colloidal synthesis of CdSe quantum dots by Murray et al. [3] and its further advancements brought radical changes in the properties of quantum dots and their applications in devices and biology. The colloidal syntheses of CdSe quantum dots are broadly classified into organic-phase synthesis and aqueous-phase synthesis. 

Methods for the design of size- and even shape-controlled [186,190,191,370-372] metallic nanoparticles have reached a rather mature stadium thanks to the contributions of the pioneer groups of the last 25 years. Applications in a number of fields of practical Nanotechnology are now moving fast into the focus of R D [203,373]. For an overview on the potential application of metal nanoparticles in the rapidly growing fields of quantum dots, self-assembly, and electrical properties, the reader is advised to consult recently published specialist review articles, e.g.. Refs. [160,281] and book chapters (cf Chapters 2, 4, and 5 in Ref. [60]). In the following three sub-sections the authors restrict themselves to a brief summary of a few subjects of current practical interest in fields with which they are most familiar. 

R. F. Haglund Jr., Quantum-dot composites for nonlinear optical applications, in R. E. Hummel, P. Wissmann (eds.) Handbook of Optical Properties II Optics of Small Particles, Interfaces, and Surfaces, Vol. 2, CRC Press, New York, 1997, 191. 

Medintz IL, Mattoussi H (2009) Quantum dot-based resonance energy transfer and its growing application in biology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11 17—45... 

Chen, I., Choi, Y. A. and Ting, A. Y. (2007). Phage display evolution of a peptide substrate for yeast biotin ligase and application to two-color quantum dot labeling of cell surface proteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 6619-25. 

Dendrimers can be used to effectively coat and passivate fluorescent quantum dots to make biocompatible surfaces for coupling proteins or other biomolecules. In addition, the ability of dendrimers to contain guest molecules within their three-dimensional structure also has led to the creation of dendrimer-metal nanoclusters having fluorescent properties. In both applications, dendrimers are used to envelop metal or semiconductor nanoparticles that possess fluorescent properties useful for biological detection. 

Nie, S. and Bailey, R.E. (2007) Alloyed semiconductor quantum dots and concentration-gradient alloyed quantum dots, series comprising the same and methods related thereto. US Patent Application 2007/0111324 Al. 

Uyeda, H.T., Medintz, I.L., and Mattoussi, H. (2003) Design of water-soluble quantum dots with novel surface ligands for biological applications. Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. 789, Symposium N. 

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