Quantification of morphology

A more sophisticated DIA was proposed for the studies of sphemlite formation and phase separation in polymer blends [Tanaka, 1986 Tanaka and Nishi, 1987]. With a different computer vision, shape features of phase-separated structure was obtained [Gur et al., 1989]. The digitalization gives the possibility of two-dimensional Fourier transformation. A power spectrum of the two-dimensional Fourier transformation was given for the structure developed by spinodal decomposition [Tanaka et al., 1986]. In the real space, one cannot see the order in the image clearly, whereas the characteristic wavelength and the distribution can be seen in the reciprocal space representation. 

Further, a point-pattern analysis was applied. This is especially suitable for the quantification of particle distribution patterns [Tanaka et al., 1989], The nearest-neighbor center-to-center distance and effective coordination number (number of cell sides of corresponding Voronoi polygons) of dispersed particles were measured. For a ternary system, PPE/PA/rubber, TEM micrographs were analyzed to estimate the randomness and the degree of clustering [Hayashi et al., 1992]. 

Light scattering provides several morphological parameters for polymer blends. While the number 

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The measurement of morphometric parameters such as area, perimeter, centroid, angles, distance between structures, and maximum or minimum diameter can be used to obtain information about structures and their spatial relationship in a tissue section. These structures could be cells, cellular nuclei, cytoplasmic projections, fiber varicosities, cytoplasm inclusions, etc. All these parameters allow for the quantification of morphological data. Values obtained from these measurements can be read in different ways through a table of values, a histogram (where different parameters can be analyzed), or graphics (where more than two parameters can be compared at the same time). The image analyzer can also offer statistical values such as mean, standard deviation, and standard error, or export the values to appropriate statistics software. 

Furthermore, as demonstrated by Sporne s work (74, 75, 76), the quantification of morphological data is possible at least for families of angiosperms. It is hoped that statistical approaches will become available for all hierarchic ranks and all plant groups. Indeed, according to Niklas (61), in order to simulate plant evolution, one must develop mathematical (i.e., statistical) techniques for quanti-... 

Mann, S. Meyer, J. Dietzel, I., Integration of a scanning ion conductance microscope into phase contrast optics and its application to the quantification of morphological parameters of selected cells. Journal of Microscopy 2006, 224, 152-157. 

Other workers have also demonstrated the potential role of PyMS with ANNs in quantitative biotechnology. Kang et al.106 used the combination to quantify clavulanic-acid production in a Streptomyces clavuligerus fermentation system, while a study by Lee107 indicated that the quantification of clavulanic-acid production by PyMS-ANNs could be used to quantitatively monitor the morphological differentiation process in a Streptomyces fermentation. 

Fig. 1. The Hubble-Toomre diagram, relating the present morphologies of (large) galaxies and their (major) merger histories. Quantification of at least one merger and assembly history, for the Milky Way, is required to test the generality of these evolutionary paths.

Fontaine, F., Ledent, J., Groeninckx, G. and Reynaers, H Morphology and melting behaviour of semi-crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) 3. Quantification of crystal perfection and crystallinity, Polymer, 23,185-191 (1982). 

N6. Niendorf, A., Rath, M., Wolf, K., Peters, S., Arps, H., Beisiegel, U., and Dietel, M., Morphological detection and quantification of lipoprotein(a) deposition in atheromatous lesions. Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 417, 105-111 (1990). 

Later reports [49-51] provided further insight into the blend morphology for several of the cellulose/synthetic polymer blend systems fisted in Table 1. In particular, refining efforts were devoted to precise quantification of the scale of homogeneity in the blends. A dielectric relaxation... 

The book is divided into three major parts. The first part (Part I) reviews the characterization of the silica surface, discussing the preparation and properties of pure silica (Chapter 1), the physical characterization of the silica surface (Chapter 2), the chemistry of silica (Chapter 3), the quantification of the silanol number (Chapter 4), the distribution of the silanol types and their desorption energies (Chapter 5), the effect of surface morphology on the dehydroxilation behaviour (Chapter 6) and the related silicate materials (Chapter 7). Part II discusses the chemical modification of... 

Quantification of Phaeocystis-dehved carbon further requires appropriate carbon conversion factors for single cells and colonies in healthy as well as senescent conditions for all Phaeocystis species. Relationships between colony size, cell number and carbon have been established and published for P. globosa (Rousseau et al. 1990 Rijssel et al. 1997) and P. antarctica (Mathot et al. 2000) as described by Schoemann et al. (2005). Such relationships have not been established for P. pouchetii, and the variable colony morphology makes it problematic to apply... 

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