Cytoplasmic inclusions

Vacuoles. Vacuoles have been identified in young bacteria. They are cavities in the protoplasm and contain a fluid known as cell sap. As the cells approach maturity, some of the water-soluble reserve food materials manufactured by the cell dissolve in the vacuoles. Insoluble constituents precipitate out as cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. 

Neurons contain the same intracellular components as do other cells. No unique cytoplasmic inclusions of the neuron distinguish it from any other cell. Neurons have all the morphological counterparts of other cell types, the structures are similarly distributed and some of the most common, the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, for example, were described first in neurons (Fig. 1-4). 

Glial cytoplasmic inclusions are strongly immunoreac-tive for a-synuclein and filaments isolated from the brains of patients with multiple system atrophy are labeled by a-synuclein antibodies [10]. As in dementia with Lewy bodies, assembled a-synuclein is nitrated and phosphory-lated at S129, and the number of a-synuclein-positive structures exceeds that stained by anti-ubiquitin antibodies, confirming that the accumulation of a-synuclein precedes ubiquitination. Filament morphologies and their staining characteristics were found to be similar to those of filaments extracted from the brains of patients with Parkinson s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. 

O Farrell, C., et al., Transfected synphilin-1 forms cytoplasmic inclusions in HEK293 cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 2001, 97/3/, 94-102. 

Several cell culture experiments and in vivo observations support these in vitro findings. Redistribution of CBP in nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions upon overexpression of expanded HD constructs or ataxin-3 has been described in different cellular... 

Fetchner syndrome Ultrastructural changes in megakaryocytes smaller cytoplasmic inclusions in platelets... 

In some milk fat globules, small aqueous compartments are located beneath the membrane bilayer, which have been termed cytoplasmic crescents (Huston and Patton, 1990). Whether or not this cytoplasmic inclusion provides some benefit is unknown. Yet, as this aqueous compartment is protected from the bulk serum phase by the MFGM, constituents located therein are presumably afforded some protection, at least initially, from gastric hydrolysis. Huston and Patton (1990) found crescents in all samples of milk they examined, and they were more prevalent in human (7.3% of globules), than in bovine (1% of globules) milk. Furthermore, there was considerable individual and diurnal variation. The structure of a cytoplasmic inclusion, surrounded by an intact plasma membrane on one side and a fat globule surface on the other, may allow certain labile constituents to be protected until they reach their proper site of bioactivity. At this point it is not known whether the crescents have a purpose or are simply the result of inefficiencies in the secretion process. As it is possible to isolate milk preparations enriched in cytoplasmic crescents, there is an opportunity to determine the nature of the materials found within. This unusual biocompartment may prove to be a model of food structure for biodelivery. 

Smith WW, Margolis RL, Li X, Troncosco JC, Lee MK, et al. 2005. A-Synuclein phosphorylation enhances eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion formation in SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurosci 25 5544-5552. 

Pang Z, Geddes JW (1997) Mechanisms of cell death induced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid acute excitotoxic necrosis and delayed apoptosis. J Neurosci 17 3064-3073 Papp MI, Kahn JE, Lantos PL (1989) Glial cytoplasmic inclusions in the CNS of patients with multiple system atrophy (striatonigral degeneration, olivopontocerebellar atrophy and Shy-Drager syndrome). J Neurol Sci 94 79-100... 

Fig. 3 Photomicrograph of tempoial neocortex showing cytoplasmic inclusions in gUal cells within subcortical white matter (Mathuranath et al., 2000)...

Chlamydia 5-10 days Diffuse hyperemia, purulent exudate Basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies... 

Hyaline cytoplasm inclusions (Mallory bodies) can often be detected. 

Mucolipidoses are characterized by a combined metabolic disorder of mucopolysaccharides, lipids, and glycoproteins. Lysosomal storage and foamy swollen Kupffer cells with hepatomegaly may be seen. In some of the numerous types, the underlying enzymatic defects have not yet been detected. Type II is also called Leroy syndrome (J.G. Leroy et al., 1967). Due to distinctive cytoplasmic inclusions in fibroblast cultures, this disorder is also known as inclusion cell disease (J.G. Leroy et al., 1971). Foamy altered stellate cells, macrophages and also epithelioid foam cell granulomas are found. 

Bone marrow depression is common after colchicine overdose and intoxication and less common in therapeutic doses. Fatal cases of agranulocytosis are more often associated with bone marrow aplasia (SEDA-4, 70) (5). Bone marrow depression usually occurs between the third and sixth days of acute intoxication. Cytoplasmic inclusions in neutrophils and megaloblastic anemia have been described. Administration of therapeutic doses intravenously and orally to two patients with reduced renal function caused profound prolonged neutropenia complicated by septicemia, which ended in death (SEDA-13, 84). 

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