Qualitative organic analysis alcohols

Emil Fischer and most students in qualitative organic analysis were familiar with the reactions of monofunctional isoqranates with alcohols, amines and aldehydes. Otto Bayer, who was manager of research of the LG. Farben-industrie Laboratories at Leverkusen extended these simple reactions to difunctional reactants and obtained a versatile family of pol30irethane fibers, foams, elastomers, plastics and coatings. 

Figure 5.13 Solubility curve of acids, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. (From Kamm, O. Qualitative Organic Analysis, 2nd ed. Wley New York, 1932. Reprinted with permission of John Mley Sons, New York.)...

Suitable reagents for derivatizing specific functional groups are summarized in Table 8.21. Many of the reactions and reagents are the familiar ones used in qualitative analysis for the characterization of organic compounds by physical means. Alcohols are converted to esters by reaction with an acid chloride in the presence of a base catalyst (e.g., pyridine, tertiary amine, etc). If the alcohol is to be recovered after the separation, then a derivative which is fairly easy to hydrolyze, such as p-nltrophenylcarbonate, is convenient. If the sample contains labile groups, phenylurethane derivatives can be prepared under very mild reaction conditions. Alcohols in aqueous solution can be derivatized with 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride. 

Qualitative analysis NMR is one of the most powerful methods available for determining the structure of molecules. It identifies the number and type of protons and carbon atoms in organic molecules, for example, distinguishes among aromatic, aliphatic, alcohols, and aldehydes. Most importantly, it also reveals the positions of the nuclei in the molecule relative to each other. For example, NMR will distinguish between CH3—CHj—CHjOH and CH3—CHOH CH3. It does not provide the MW of the compound. NMR is also applied to compounds containing heteroatoms such as sulfur, nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, and silicon. 

Individual inorganic and organic ions can be determined by many methods. Nowadays, the surfactant is most often dissolved in water or a water/alcohol mixture and injected directly into an ion chromatograph for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. As an alternative, sulfated ash content may be determined as a measure of total salt content (see below). 

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