Pyrolysis open-system

Berner U. and Faber E. (1996) Empirical carbon isotope/ maturity relationships for gases from algal kerogens and terrigenous organic matter, based on dry, open system pyrolysis. Org. Geochem. 24(10/11), 947-995. 

Other polymeric terpenes are also known in nature. One such material is the resin called dammar (recent or fossil), generated by the trees from the family Dipterocarpaceae. Pyrolytic studies were performed on this polymer [16] after separation in two fractions, one soluble in CH2CI2 and the other insoluble. Three different pyrolysis techniques were used to obtain information on the insoluble polymer, flash pyrolysis, open isothermal furnace pyrolysis and closed system isothermal pyrolysis. Several compounds separated and identified in pyrolysates by GC/MS are shown below ... 

Schenk H.J., Horsfield B. (1993) Kinetics of petroleum generation by programmed-temperature closed- versus open-system pyrolysis. Geochim. Cosmochim.Acta 51, 623—30. Schenk H.J., Horsfield B. (1997) Kinetics of petroleum generation applications and limitations. Zbl. Geol. Paldont. TeillH 11/12, 1113-17. 

Cramer, B., Faher, E., Gerling, P., and Krooss, B. M., Reaction kinetics of stable carbon isotopes in natural gas-insights from dry, open system pyrolysis experiments. Energy Fuels, 15, 517-532,... 

The results of open-system pyrolysis (Rock-Eval II) have been used to specify the kinetic parameters controlling maturation. Hydrocarbon yield rates as determined by these experiments are shown in Fig. 6.9a. Both nonlinear optimization technique (Levenberg-Marquardt method Press et al. 1986 Issler and Snowdon 1990) and linear methods are used to determine the values of the reaction parameters Aj, Ej, andX, . This technique minimizes an error function by comparing the hydrocaibon release rates, Sj, calculated by Eq. 6.9 and those rates measured in open-system pyrolysis. An example of the spectrum of activation energies obtained from this analysis is shown in Fig. 6.9b. 

Our algorithm for fitting the kinetic parameters E,-, Aj, and X,- uses the total time-temperature history of the source rock sample inferred from the level of organic maturation (solid line in Fig. 6.8b) and from open-system pyrolysis in which temperatures change linearly at rates of 5,15, and 30 C mm, ranging from 300 to 600 °C. For this purpose, the time integrals m Eqs. 6.8 and 6.9 are divided into two parts ... 

During the discussion on pyrolysis experiments we will refer to the Rock Eval thermal method, commercially used for the evaluation of PSR and maturation of sedimentary organic matter. This method employs an open system programmed pyrolyser purged with He carrier gas into various detectors for monitoring hydrocarbons, CO2 and a modified version with a sulfur detector. The use of this method for the evaluation of rocks containing type II-S kerogens is well documented (see Spiro, 1991 Baskin and Peters, 1992). 

Based on the pyrolysis experiments listed above we can see a much higher isotope effect in open systems than for closed systems. The isotope enrichment for both H2S and S released... 

FIGURE 13.2 Thermal extraction, open-system, and closed-system pyrolysis gas chromatograms of the oil-prone coal from the Heathfield-1 Well using the MSSV (microscaled seal vessel pyrolysis) method (see References 12 and 13) m = methylcyclohexane, n-alkanes (alkenes) indicate carbon number. 

The pyrolysis of acetate esters yields olefins by a concerted syn elimination of acetic acid. In open-chain systems where rotations are facile, it is possible for the... 

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