Pyrolysis continued schematic

Figure 5. Schematic diagram showing the effect of changing the volume fraction of second phase on the apparent viscosity at a fixed rate of shear of a two-phase emulsion. The different dotted lines refer to different viscosities of the pure phases A and B, The solid line suggests the viscosity that may be displayed by a system in which both the viscosities of the pure phases and the relative proportions of phases are changing continuously, as in a pyrolysis run.

Figure 13.7 Schematic of continuous laboratory pyrolysis reactor...

Figure 15.4 A schematic of a typical continuous stirred tank pyrolysis process. Legend 1 pyrolysis vessel with internal agitator 2 catalyst chamber 3 plastic feedstock hopper 4 char auger to remove solid residue 5 agitator drive motor 6 lower temperature sensor 7 upper temperature sensor 8 burner for furnace 9 feed auger for plastic feedstock 10 condenser cooling jacket 11 condenser 12 oil recovery tank (adapted from Saito, K. and Nanba, M., United States Patent 4,584,421 (1986) Method for thermal decomposition of plastic scraps and apparatus for disposal of plastic scraps )...

In pyrolysis-mass spectrometry (Py-MS) the pyrolysate is directly transferred to a mass spectrometer and analyzed, generating a complex spectrum. The sample introduction can be done using various techniques. One simple technique is the direct insertion probe (DIP) where the sample is deposited on an insert that has the capability of heating the sample and of introducing the pyrolysate directly into the ion source of the mass spectrometer (see e.g. [1]). Another technique is the Curie point Py-MS where an attachment to the mass spectrometer allows the sample to be placed in a radio frequency (RF) region continued by an expansion chamber connected to the ion source. The sample is pyrolyzed and the pyrolysate ionized and analyzed in the MS instrument. A schematic diagram of a Curie point Py-MS system is shown in Figure 3.3.2. 

Figure 8. Schematics of the pyrolysis process leading to the formation of the ruthe-nium-selenide cluster-like compound. The hep-symmetry of the 153 atoms clusterlike particle (see right) fits the experimental points in Figure 7 (continuous line).

Many variations exist of pyrolysis-based biorefineries, and an early (1920s) example is the production of charcoal and various other products in the continuous wood distillation plant of the Ford Motor Company in Michigan, USA. This plant used 400 tons per day of scrap wood from the automobile body plant.The Ford plant not only produced make acetic acid (among charcoal and other products) but also ethyl acetate (via esterification with bioethanol), which the company required in its lacquer and artificial leather departments. The first T-Fords used bioethanol as their transportation fuel. Figure 8.2 gives a schematic overview of the plant that was completely self-sufficient with regard to its heat demand. 

All of the pyrolysis reactions described herein were performed in continuous flow, isothermal reactor systems. One such laboratory reactor system is schematically depicted in Figure 1. Usually, these systems incorporated separate preheat zones, for hydrocarbon and diluent. Catalysts or promoters used were added along with the diluent stream. The heated portions of the preheat and reactor systems were constructed from 316 stainless steel in most cases. 

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