Purinoceptor

Adenosine receptors are members of the P purinoceptor GPCR family and can be classified into four subtypes A, 3 ... 

Classification of P2 purinoceptors has been limited by a lack of potent, selective, and bioavailable antagonists. Nonetheless a rational scheme for P2 purinoceptor nomenclature divides P2 receptors into two superfamilies P2Y5 LGIC family having four subclasses and P2Y) a GPCR family having seven subclasses. A third receptor type, designated the P22) is a nonselective ion pore. 

A purinoceptor is a cell surface receptor for the purinergic nucleotides ATP and ADP and for the purine nucleotide, adenosine. 

Jacobson KA, van Rhee AM. Development of selective purinoceptor agonists and antagonists. In Jacobson KA, Jarvis MF, eds. Purinergic Approaches in Experimental Therapeutics. New York Wiley-Liss, 1997 101-128. 

Guo A, Vulchanova L, Wang 3, Li X, Elde R. (1999). Immunoq ochemical localization of the vanilloid receptor 1 (VRl) relationship to neuropeptides, the P2X3 purinoceptor and IB4 binding sites. EurJ Neurosci. 11(3) 946-58. 

Sympathetic arc involved in blood pressure regulation and sites where drugs may act to influence the system. A. Receptors on effector cell. 6. Adrenergic varicosity. C. Nicotinic receptors (postganglionic fibers). D. Brainstem nuclei. NTS, nucleus of the tractus solitarii VMC, vasomotor center ACh, acetylcholine NE, norepinephrine a, a-adrenoceptors (3, 13-adrenoceptors P2, P2-purinoceptors ATR adenosine triphosphate. 

T. Katsuragi, T. Furukawa (1985). Novel, selective purinoceptor antagonists investigation of ATP as a neurotransmitter. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 6 337-339. 

As intensively reviewed by Ralevic and Burnstock (1998), studies on purinoceptors were accompanied by many pitfalls ... 

Driessen, B., Reimann, W., Selve, N., Friderichs, E. and Bultmann, R. Antinociceptive effect of intrathecally administered P2-purinoceptor antagonists in rats, Brain Res. 1994, 666, 182-188. 

Hughes PJ, Holgate ST, Church MK (1984) Adenosine inhibits and potentiates IgE-dependent histamine release from human lung mast cells by an A2-purinoceptor mediated mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 33 3847-3852... 

Iredale PA, Hill SJ, Iredale PA, Hill SJ (1993) Increases in intracellular calcium via activation of an endogenous P2-purinoceptor in cultured CHO-K1 cells. Br J Pharmacol 110(4) 1305-1310... 

Rose Meyer RB, Hope W (1990) Evidence that A2 purinoceptors are involved in endothelium-dependent relaxation of the rat thoracic aorta. Br J Pharmacol 100(3) 576-580 Rubio R, Ceballos G (2003) Sole activation of three luminal adenosine receptor subtypes in different parts of coronary vasculature. Am J Physiol 284(1) H204-H214 Safran N, Shneyvays V, Balas N, Jacobson KA, Nawrath H, Shainberg A (2001) Cardioprotective effects of adenosine A3 and A3 receptor activation during hypoxia in isolated rat cardiac myocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 217(1-2) 143-152 Salvatore CA, Tilley SL, Latour AM, Fletcher DS, Roller BH, Jacobson MA (2000) Disruption of the A3 adenosine receptor gene in mice and its effect on stimulated inflammatory cells. J Biol Chem 275(6) 4429-4434... 

Dixon AK, Gubitz AK, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Richardson PJ, Freeman TC (1996) Tissue distribution of adenosine receptor mRNAs in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 118(6) 1461—1468 Douillet CD, Robinson WP 3rd, Zarzaur BL, Lazarowski ER, Boucher RC, Rich PB (2005) Mechanical ventilation alters airway nucleotides and purinoceptors in lung and extrapulmonary organs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 32(l) 52-58... 

Y. Okada, T. Taniguchi, Y. Akagi and I. Muramatsu, Two-phase response of acid extrusion triggered by purinoceptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 455(1) (2002) 19-25. 

Suzuki H., Ikeda K, Furukawa M., Takasaka T. 1997. P2 purinoceptor of the globular substance in the otoconial membrane of the guinea pig inner ear. Am J Physiol 273 C1533-40. 

Wiebe SH, Sims SM, Dixon SJ. 1999. Calcium signalling via multiple P2 purinoceptor subtypes in rat osteoclasts. Cell Physiol Biochem 9 323-37. 

Abstract Adenine-based purines, such as adenosine and ATP, are ubiquitous molecules that, in addition to their roles in metabolism, act as modulators of neurotransmitter release through activation of presynaptic PI purinoceptors or adenosine receptors (activated by adenosine) and P2 receptors (activated by nucleotides). Of the latter, the P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled, whereas the P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels and not covered in this review. 

Abe M, Endoh T, Suzuki T (2003) Extracellular ATP-induced calcium channel inhibition mediated by P1/P2Y purinoceptors in hamster submandibular ganglion neurons. Br J Pharmacol 138 1535—43... 

Burnstock G, Kennedy C (1985) Is there a basis for distinguishing two types of P2-purinoceptor Gen Pharmacol 16 433 10... 

Fuder H, Muth U (1993) ATP and endogenous agonists inhibit evoked [3H]-noradrenahne release in rat iris via Ai and P2Y-like purinoceptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Arch Pharmacol... 

Fuder H, Brink A, Meincke M et al (1992) Purinoceptor-mediated modulation by endogenous and exogenous agonists of stimulation-evoked [3H]-noradrenaline release on rat iris. Naunyn Schmiedeberg s Arch Pharmacol 345 417-23... 

Cony a Ives J, Queiroz G (1996) Purinoceptor modulation of noradrenaline release in rat tail artery tonic modulation mediated by inhibitory P2Y- and facilitatory A A-Purinoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 117 156-60... 

Koizumi S, Fujishita K, Tsuda M et al (2003) Dynamic inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission by astrocyte-derived ATP in hippocampal cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 11023-8 Kubista H, Boehm S (2006) Molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of exocytotic noradrenaline release via presynaptic receptors. Pharmacol Ther 112 213 42 Kukulski F, Sevigny J, Komoszynski M (2004) Comparative hydrolysis of extracellular adenine nucleotides and adenosine in synaptic membranes from porcine brain cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. Brain Res 1030 49-56 Kurokawa M, Koga K, Kase H et al (1996) Adenosine A2a receptor-mediated modulation of striatal acetylcholine release in vivo. J Neurochem 66 1882-8 Kurz K, von Ktigelgen I, Starke K (1993) Prejunctional modulation of noradrenaline release in mouse and rat vas deferens contribution of PI- and P2-purinoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 110 1465-72... 

Shinozuka K, Tanioka Y, Kwon YM et al (2001) Characterization of prejunctional purinoceptors inhibiting noradrenaline release in rat mesenteric arteries. Jpn J Pharmacol 85 41-6 Shoji-Kasai Y, Itakura M, Kataoka M et al (2002) Protein kinase C-mediated translocation of secretory vesicles to plasma membrane and enhancement of neurotransmitter release from PC 12 cells. Eur J Neurosci 15 1390-4... 

Accumulating findings indicate that nucleotides play an important role in neuron-to-glia communication through P2 purinoceptors. P2 purinoceptors are divided into two families, ionotropic receptors (P2X) and metabotropic receptors (P2Y). P2X receptors (seven types P2X]-P2X7) contain intrinsic pores that open... 

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