Pulmonaria

Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. var. meridonalis (Vain) Zahlbr. is a widespread lichen characterized by a lobed structure similar in appearance to alveolar tissue. As Gonzalez et al. (1994) pointed out in their introduction to a discussion of the chemistry of this lichen, its specific epithet reflects its use as a treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis following the Doctrine of Signatures. The varietal name was appended much later to specimens collected in the Philippines. 

Depsidones from Lobaria pulmonaria and their chemotaxonomic importance. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22 583-586. 

Borage, chives, lungwort Pulmonaria), sage, thyme, teasel Dipsacus futtonum), mint, marjoram, oregano, lavender... 

Haberer, W Witte, L., Hartman, Th. and Dobler, S. 2002. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Pulmonaria obscura. Planta Medica, 68 480 82. 

N.A. Lobelia pulmonaria L. d-Usnic acid, thamnolic, polysaccharides, anthraquinones.154 Stimulate immune system, antitumor, cancer. 

Galium verum, G. aparine, Lobelia pulmonaria, Polygonum hydropiper, P. bistorta, Rumex crispus,... 

Eleutherocossus senticosus, Gelidium cartilagineum, Laminaria digitata, L. saccharine, L. longicruris, Lobelia pulmonaria, Panax ginseng, P. quinquefolium, Phragmites australis, Prunus mume, Urtica urens Populus tremuloides... 

Lung wort, sage of Bethlehem Pulmonaria officinalis or P. saccharata Aerial portion + flower... 

Additional studies of lichens exposed to chemicals under controlled conditions were carried out by Branquinho and co-workers (1997a,b) who investigated the impact of heavy metals on chlorophyll fluorescence, relative to membrane integrity in lichens. The uptake of Pb, particularly in cyanobiont lichens, caused a decrease of PSII photochemical reactions measured as a change in the Fy/Fn, ratio (Branquinho et al., 1997a) for the lichens Lobaria pulmonaria and Parmelia caperata, the effect on PSII photochemical reactions could only be observed 48 h after the Pb uptake, thus confirming that a prolonged exposure to Pb leads to an additional decrease of Fv/F ,. 

Borago officinalis Pulmonaria spp. Symphytum officinale S. asperum S. X upland1cum... 

Baca-Garcia, E., H. Blasco-Fontecilia, C. Blanco, et al. 2007. Acute atropine intoxication with psychiatric symptoms by herbal infusion of Pulmonaria officinalis (lungwort). Eur. J. Psychiatr. 21 (2) 93-97. 

Haberer W, Witte L, Hartman T, Dobler S. Pynolizidine alkaloids in Pulmonaria obscura. Planta Med 2002 68 480-2. 

Walser et al. (2005) compared populations of Loharia pulmonaria from Europe and western North America, and the allele sizes of two fungal and two algal microsatellite markers sensu Widmer et al. (2010) differed markedly among populations from the two continents, suggesting that intercontinental dispersal of both symbionts must be rare. 

Microsatellites reveal regional population differentiation and isolation in Lobaria pulmonaria, an epiphytic lichen. Molecular Ecology 14, 457-467. 

Further, continuous studies on S. pulmonaria by Tadesse and coworkers isolated two more new alkaloids pulmonarins A (19) and B (20) (Figure 2) [15]. The structures were determined as dibrominated quaternary ammonium salts by spectroscopic methods and confirmed by their synthesis as well. They found acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and the most active inhibitor was pulmonarin B (20) with the inhibition constant value of 20 pM [15]. 

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