Pseudocapacitors state

Lee HY, Kim SW, Lee FTY. Expansion of active site area and improvement of kinetic reversibility in electrochemical pseudocapacitor electrode. Electrochemical and solid state letters 2001 4(3) A19-A22. 

The morphology, electronic conductivity, exposed specific surface area, crystal structure, and defect chemistry (cation distribution and oxidation states) of the manganese oxides considerably influence the performance of pseudocapacitor (capacitance, cycle life, and charge/discharge rate).153,156, l57 173,iso, 186,188 ese fea-... 

Hashmi, S. S. A. 2014. Quasi-solid-state pseudocapacitors using proton-conducting gel polymer electrolyte and poly(3-methyl thiophenej-ruthenium oxide composite electrodes. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 18 465-475. 

Lian, K., and C. M. Li. 2008. Heteropoly acid electrolytes for double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 11 A158-A162. 

The electrochemical reversibility of the employed redox material in a pseudocapacitor normally means that the redox process follows Nerstian behavior [2]. These redox materials include (1) electrochemically active materials that can be adsorbed strongly on an electrically conductive substrate surface such as a carbon particle and (2) solid-state redox materials that can combine with or intercalate into an electrode substrate to form a hybrid electrode layer. For example, adsorption on an electrode substrate surface is commonly observed as underpotential deposition of protons on the surface of a crystalline metal electrode (Ft, Rh, Pd, Ir, or Ru). In the case of Ru, the protons can pass through the surface into the metal lattice by an absorption process, similar to the transitional behavior seen in lithium battery intercalation electrodes. 

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