Protoplast culture regeneration from

Volatile Compounds in Thalli Culture. A large mass of clean thalli culture, regenerated from protoplasts of U. pertusa, was obtained by cultivation in Provasoli s enriched sea water containing antibiotics (56). The essential oil was prepared from the thalli culture by a simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) procedure (57). The yield of the essential oil was 8.0 X 10-3% (cf. 4.2 X 10-3% for the field fronds). Twenty-three of the volatile compounds in the oil were identified by GC and GC-MS (Table IV). The major characteristic compounds were long-chain fatty aldehydes as in the oil from the field fronds mainly -pentadecanal, (Z, Z, Z)-7,10,12-hexadecatrienal, (Z)-8-heptadecenal, (Z, Z)-8, 11-heptadecadienal, and (Z, Z, Z)-8, 11, 14-heptadecatrienal. They accounted for ca 40% of the oil and were considered to have the... 

Finally, we tested the particle bombardment method, a biolistic approach that was shown before to work when other approaches have failed. In particular, particle bombardment has allowed the generation of transgenic plants such as crop species, which are not susceptible to Agrobacterium tumefaciens or cannot be regenerated from protoplasts. Furthermore, particle bombardment has facilitated organelle transformation in intact cells and the genetic modification of cultured cells that were not accessible to other transfection techniques. 

The cell and tissue culture of the major tropane alkaloid-producing species does not apparently offer any special problems. The regeneration of plantlets from callus and tissue cultures seems to be routine (286,307,309,323,325,332,350-352). Plants have also been regenerated from protoplasts of Atropa belladonna (353), Duboisia myoporoides (354), and Hyoscyamus muticus (355,356). Cryopreservation has been reported for Anisodus and Datura species (349,357). 

Ochatt, S.J. and Power, J.B. (1992) Plant regeneration from cultured protoplasts of higher plants, in Plant Biotechnology, eds. M.W. Fowler, G.S. Warren and M. Moo-Young, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 99-127. 

Our two network model of the primary wall receives support from a variety of indirect observations. For example it has been shown Aat when a cell wall is regenerated by a carrot protoplast a homogalacturonan/ rhamnogalacturonan shell is laid down first, through which the cellulose/ hemicellulose network is later intercalated (8). Further evidence that pectin may form an independent network is seen in the fact that walls from suspension-cultured cells of tofnato Lycopersicon esculentum VF 36),... 

Baumann, T., Kreis, W., Mehrle, W., Hampp, R. and Reinhard, E. (1990) Regeneration and characterization of protoplast-derived cell lines from Digitalis lanata Ehrh. and Digitalis purpurea L. suspension cultures after electrofusion under microgravity conditions, in Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Life Sciences. ESA Publications Div., ESTEC, Nordwijk, pp. 405-10. 

Attree, S.M Bekkaoui, F. Dunstan, D.L. Fowke, L.C. (1987). Regeneration of somatic embryos from protoplasts isolated from an embryogenic suspension culture of white spruce (Pkea glauca). Plant Cell Reports, Vol. 6, pp. 480-483. 

Behera BC, Sonone A, Makhija U (2009b) Protoplast isolation from cultured lichen Usnea ghattensis, their fusion with protoplasts of Aspergillus nidulans, fusant regeneration and production of usnic acid. Folia Microbiol 54 415-418 Behera BC, Mahadik N, Morey M (2012) Antioxidative and cardiovascular-protective activities of metabolite usnic acid and psoromic acid produced by lichen species Usnea complanata under submerged fermentation. Pharm Biol 50 968-979 Bezivin C, Tomasi S, Rouaud I et al (2004) Cytotoxic activity of compounds from the lichen Cladonia convoluta. Planta Med 70 874-877... 

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