Proton exchange membrane fuel cell structure

Mukeijee S, Srinivasan S. 1993. Enhanced electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum alloys in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Electroanal Chem 357 201-224. Mukeijee S, Srinivasan S, Soriaga M, McBreen J. 1995. Role of structural and electronic properties of Pt and Pt alloys on electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction. J Electrochem Soc 142 1409-1422. 

This survey focuses on recent developments in catalysts for phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), and the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). In PAFC, operating at 160-220°C, orthophosphoric acid is used as the electrolyte, the anode catalyst is Pt and the cathode can be a bimetallic system like Pt/Cr/Co. For this purpose, a bimetallic colloidal precursor of the composition Pt50Co30Cr20 (size 3.8 nm) was prepared by the co-reduction of the corresponding metal salts [184-186], From XRD analysis, the bimetallic particles were found alloyed in an ordered fct-structure. The elecbocatalytic performance in a standard half-cell was compared with an industrial standard catalyst (bimetallic crystallites of 5.7 nm size) manufactured by co-precipitation and subsequent annealing to 900°C. The advantage of the bimetallic colloid catalysts lies in its improved durability, which is essential for PAFC applicabons. After 22 h it was found that the potential had decayed by less than 10 mV [187],... 

Ramesh, P, Itkis, M. E., Tang, J. M., and Haddon, R. C. SWNT-MWNT hybrid structure for proton exchange membrane fuel cell cathodes. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2008 112 9089-9094. 

Hickner, M.A. and Pivovar, B.S., The chemical and structural nature of proton exchange membrane fuel cell properties. Fuel Cells, 5, 213, 2005. 

Molecular-Level Modeling of the Structure and Proton Transport within the Membrane Electrode Assembly of Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells... 

Carbon supported Pt and Pt-alloy electrocatalysts form the cornerstone of the current state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for medium and low temperature fuel cells such as phosphoric and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMECs). Electrocatalysis on these nanophase clusters are very different from bulk materials due to unique short-range atomic order and the electronic environment of these cluster interfaces. Studies of these fundamental properties, especially in the context of alloy formation and particle size are, therefore, of great interest. This chapter provides an overview of the structure and electronic nature of these supported... 

Create improved cathode structures and catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) at temperatures <100°C that allow a significant reduction of precious metal without loss in performance... 

SD is routinely used to deposit thin films and has proven benefits from economies of scale in the metallization of plastics. The technique has already been used to create enhanced and unique MEAs for H2 -air proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems. In this project, JPL is pursuing the use of SD to create DMFC membrane electrode assembly structures with highly electro-active catalyst layers that will reduce the amount and cost of the Pt-alloy catalyst at the fuel cell anode. 

Liu C-H, Ko T-H, Kuo W-S, Chou H-K, Chang H-W, Liao Y-K (2009) Effect of carbon fiber cloth with different structure on the performance of low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Power Sources 186 450-454... 

Zhang L, Kim J, Chen HM, Nan F, Dudeck K, Liu RS, et al. A novel CO-tolerant PtRu core—shell structured electrocatalyst with Ru rich in core and Pt rich in shell for hydrogen oxidation reaction and its implication in proton exchange membrane fuel cell. J Power Sources 2011]196[22) 9in—23. 

Fang B, Kim JH, Lee C, Yu JS (2008) Hollow macroporous core/mesoporous shell carbon with a tailored structure as a cathode electrocatalysts support for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Phys Chem C 112(2) 639-645... 

Brady MP, Wang H, Turner JA, Meyer HM, More KL, Tortorelli PF, McCarthy BD (2010) Pre-oxidized and nitrided stainless steel alloy foil for proton exchange membrane fuel cell bipolar plates Part 1. Corrosion, interfacial contact resistance, and surface structure. J Power Sources 195 5610-5618... 

Liang Y, Zhang H, Tian Z, Zhu X, Wang X, Yi B. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship exploration of carbon-supported PtRuNi nanocomposite as a CO-tolerant electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Phys Chem B 2006 110(15) 7828-34. 

Bhadra S, Kim NH, Lee JH (2010) A new selfcross-linked, net-structured, prohm conducting polymer membrane for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Membr Sci 349 304-311... 

Su H, Jao T-C, Pasupathi S et al (2014) A novel dual catalyst layer structured gas diffusion electrode for enhanced performance of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell. J Power Sources 246 63-67... 

FIG U RE 2.2 Chemical structures of perfluorinated ionomers with sulfonic acid (la = Nafion, Flemion lb = Aciplex 2a = Dow, Hyflon Ion 2b = 3M 2c = Asahi Kasei 3 = Asahi Glass) and bis[(perfluoro)alkyl sulfonyl] groups (4). (Reprinted with permission from Peckham, T. J., Yang, Y, and Holdcroft, S. et al., Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Materials, Properties and Performance, Wilkinson, D. P. et al., Eds., Figure 3.16, 138, 2010, CRC Press, Boca Raton. Copyright (2010) CRC Press.)... 

Eikerling, M. and Malek, K. 2010. Physical modeling of materials for PEFC structure, properties and performance. In Wilkinson, D. P., Zhang, J., Hui, R., Fergus, J., and Li, X. (eds). Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Materials Properties and Performance. New York CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group. 

Suzuki, T., Tsushima, S., and Hirai, S. 2011. Effects of Nafion ionomer and carbon particles on structure formation in a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell catalyst layer fabricated by the decal-transfer method. 36, 12361-12369. 

In this present section, statistical information based on two-point and linear path correlation functions, obtained from 2D micrographs of real catalyst layers (CL) of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), is used as initial information for the reconstruction of CL structures. As will be seen, with this information, stochastic replicas of CLs 3D pore networks at two scales can be built (Barbosa et ah, 2011b). Once statistical information is available from real samples, this can be used for a scaling strategy in order to determine the effective transport coefficients. In past sections statistical information was determined from reconstructed structures rather than from real samples. 

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