Protein-Sequencing Analysis Proteomics

Proteins make up some of the most important components of the human body and indeed all animal life. They are major components in all living cells and are therefore of great importance in all chemical studies of life sciences. It is estimated that in human blood plasma alone, there are about 100,000 proteins ranging in concentration from millimolar levels for proteins such as albumin to femtomolar levels for proteins such as tumor necrosis factor. 

Proteins are made up of amino acids, which, as the name implies, include both an amino group and a carboxylic acid. There are 20 essential amino acids and the many hundreds of thousands of proteins are made up of these building blocks. What distinguishes one protein from another is the sequence in which these amino acids are arranged in the molecule. Sequencing has become a cornerstone of the research into proteomics, the study of protein structure and function. There are 

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Bioinformatics uses computers to create and maintain large electronic databases on genomes, protein sequences, and proteomes. With the help of protein prediction software, the computer analysis of genome sequences is producing thousands of new proteins of unknown structure and function. These proteins are called hypothetical proteins because they are predicted from the gene sequence. To know if they really exist would require that they be isolated, purified, and subjected to X-ray crystallography or... 

Besides sensitive methods for the analysis of proteins, bioinformatics is one of the key components of proteome research. This includes software to monitor and quantify the separation of complex samples, e.g., to analyze 2DE images. Web-based database search engines are available to compare experimentally measured peptide masses or sequence ions of protein digests with theoretical values of peptides derived from protein sequences. Websites for database searching with mass spectrometric data may be found at http //www.expasy.ch/tools, http //prospector.ucsf. edu/ and http //www.matrixscience.com. 

Site offers mMass program that is an open source package of simple tools, written mainly in Phyton and dedicated to mass spectrometric data analysis. It can also be used for protein sequence handling and other proteomic tasks. 

Proteomics server of the Swiss institute of bioinformatics. Dedicated to analysis of protein sequences and structure, as well as 2-D SDS-PAGE. 

The limitations of genomic analysis are being addressed by proteomic analysis. DNA sequence analysis has helped to create protein product libraries and relational databases that hold promise to... 

The terms proteomics and proteome were coined by Wilkins et al. in 1994 to describe the entire collection of proteins encoded by genomes in the human organism. Proteomics differs from protein chemistry at this point since it focuses on multiprotein systems rather than individual proteins and uses partial sequence analysis with the aid of databases. Proteins are the bricks and mortar of the cells, carrying out most of the cellular functions essential for survival of the organism. In the cell, proteins... 

Currently available MS instruments are much more suitable for peptide analysis and the data obtained can be directly used for comparison with protein sequences derived from proteome databases. 

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