Protein resistance

A general mechanism of resistance is reducing the affinity of the antiretroviral compound for its mutant target protein. Resistance mutations associated with reduced affinity are observed during treatment failure with a fusion inhibitor, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTl), integrase inhibitor, and protease inhibitors as reviewed in Chaps. 3,4, 6, and 7 (Hazuda et al. 2007 Hsiou et al. 2001 King et al. 2002 Mink et al. 2005). 

JD Andrade, V Hlady, SI Jeon. Poly(ethylene oxide) and protein resistance Principles, problems, and possibilities. In JE Glass, ed. Hydrophilic Polymers Performance with Environmental Acceptability. Adv Chem Ser 248. Washington DC American Chemical Society, 1996, pp 51-59. 

Polymer brushes were found to minimize adsorption of proteins by the soft or steric repulsion of the flexible yet immobihzed macromolecules [179], although a generally valid explanation of the protein resistant properties of some hydrophihc brushes is not available. A similar explanation can be formulated for the improvement of the colloidal stability of particle suspensions, when polymer brush-type layers are bound to small particles. This and other intriguing features of polymer brushes prompted a remarkable experimental and theoretical research activity in order to understand and exploit the unique properties of polymer brushes. 

Guan et al. have recently published the preparation of galactitol and D-mannitol-derived permethylated polyesters 62 [41] and the living ring-opening polymerization of the galactonolactone 20 [42] giving polyester 63. The latter exhibited protein resistance. 

A study of protein resistance of terminally attached PEG chains was performed. Steric repulsion between the PEG chain and the approaching protein, hydrophobic, and van der Waals forces were calculated. High surface density and long chain PEGs were found to favor protein resistance. 

Wagner et al. [108] developed a PLS model to predict the amount of protein adsorbed in a metallic basis using time-of-flight SIMS (TOF-SIMS) spectra. Study of the multivariate models yielded insight into the surface chemistry and the mechanism for protein resistance of the coatings. The same group reported two other similar studies with satisfactory results [109,110]. 

The amount of decrease of d.c. resistance is not or only insignificantly dependent upon polyelectrolyte concentration, as long as this is over 0.05%. The most drastic decrease in d.c. resistance may be obtained by combining polyphosphate and bovine erythrocyte ghost protein. Resistances as low as 5 X 103 ohms per sq. cm. have been obtained at pH 6.8. 

Fig. 25a and b. A protein resistant surface based on the steric repulsion argument commonly used in the colloid stability field U0). The interaction between a polyethylene oxide grafted surface and a protein solution is shown, a. suggests an excluded volume or steric repulsion mechanism b. the surface dynamics or polymer chain motion mechanism (from Ref., 33))... 

The carboxylate-ion-end of the zwitterion is the conjugate base of a weak acid, and the ammonium-ion-end of the zwitterion is the conjugate acid of a weak base. Thus, the zwitterion is a buffer, and solutions of amino acids (and proteins) resist changes in pFl. 

Direct patterning Cell-adhesion-mediating proteins are directly placed on a surface that is already protein-resistant or is later backfilled with a passivating film. 

HUVEC Inverted pCP of protein resistant PLL-g-PEG on PDMS microstructures, protein backfill 2007 [168]... 

HUVEC, human skin fibroblasts UV patterning of photoresponsive protein-resistant polymer 2007 [39]... 

Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts EBL to open protein-resistant BSA film, protein backfill 2007 [103]... 

Frazier RA, Matthijs G, Davies MC et al (2000) Ccharacterization of protein-resistant dextran monolayers. Biomaterials 21 957-966... 

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