Protein pathophysiology

The two classical pathological hallmarks of AD are deposits of aggregated A peptide and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated t-protein. Pathophysiologic hypotheses are centered on the role of Af) peptide and t-protein hyperphosphorylation and mechanisms of their production in AD brain (Fig. 8.2). Experimental evidence indicates that A accumulation precedes and drives t... 

Labeit et al., 1997] Labeit, S., Kolmerer, B., and Linke, W. The giant protein titin emerging roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Circulation Research. 80 (1997) 290-294... 

MT-associated proteins (MAPs) are attached to MTs in vivo and play a role in their nucleation, growth, shrinkage, stabilization and motion. Of the MAPs, the tau family proteins have received special attention as they are involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer s disease. 

Solerte, S.B., Adamo, S., Viola, C., Schianca, G.P.C., Crippa, A. and Ferrari, E. (1984). Acute-phase protein reactants pattern and macroglubulin in diabetes mellitus. Pathophysiological aspects in diabetic microangiopathy. Ric. Clin. Lab. 14, 575-579. 

Endothelin-1, one of the most potent physiologic vasoconstrictors, is an important contributor to HF pathophysiology.9 Endothelin-1 binds to two G-protein coupled receptors, endothelin-A (ET-A) and endothelin-B (ET-B). Endothelin-A receptors mediate vasoconstriction and are prevalent in vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cells. Endothelin-B receptors are expressed on the endothelium and in vascular smooth muscle, and receptor stimulation mediates vasodilation. Levels of ET-1 correlate with HF functional class and mortality. 

The pathophysiologic mechanisms of portal hypertension and of cirrhosis itself are entwined with the mechanisms of ascites (Fig. 19-3). Cirrhotic changes and the subsequent decrease in synthetic function lead to a decrease in production of albumin (hypoalbuminemia). Albumin is the major intravascular protein involved in maintaining oncotic pressure in the vascular system low serum albumin levels and increased capillary permeability allow fluid to leak from the vascular space into body tissues. This can result in peripheral edema, ascites, and fluid in the pulmonary system. The obstruction of hepatic sinusoids and... 

FIGURE 96-4. Pathophysiology of the hypercalcemia of malignancy. PTHrP, parathyroid hormone-related protein TGF-P, transforming growth factor P TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor alpha Ca2+, calcium IL-1, interleukin 1 IL-2, interleukin 2. 

FIGURE 98-1. Schematic representation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein digestion. (From KumpfVJ, Chessman KH. Enteral nutrition. In DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al, (eds.) Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach. 6th ed. New York McGraw-Hill 2005 2616.)... 

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