Protein impact

Auricchio, A. et al. (2001). Exchange of surface proteins impacts on viral vector cellular specificity and transduction characteristics The retina as a model. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10(26), 3075-3081. 

Yoh K, Ishii G, Yokose T, Minegishi Y, Tsuta K, Goto K, Nishiwaki Y, Kodama T, Suga M, Ochiai A. Breast cancer resistance protein impacts clinical outcome in platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004 10 1691-1697. 

CaCl2 and NaCl as Chemical Energy Inputs to a Charged Model Protein Impact of Ion Pairing on Driving Hydrophobic Association... 

Gaine, PC., Pikosky, M.A., Martin, W.E, Bolster, D.R., Maresh, C.M., and Rodriguez, N.R., Level of dietary protein impacts whole body protein turnover in trained males at rest. Metabolism, 55, 501, 2006. 

Ly M H, Goudot S, Le M L, Cayot P, Teixeira J A, Belin J M, Wache Y et al. (2008) Interactions between Bacterial Surfaces and Milk Proteins, Impact on Food Emulsions Stabihty. Food HydocoHoids 22 742-751. 

While electrospray is used for molecules of all molecular masses, it has had an especially marked impact on the measurement of accurate molecular mass for proteins. Traditionally, direct measurement of molecular mass on proteins has been difficult, with the obtained values accurate to only tens or even hundreds of Daltons. The advent of electrospray means that molecular masses of 20,000 Da and more can be measured with unprecedented accuracy (Figure 40.6). This level of accuracy means that it is also possible to identify post-translational modifications of proteins (e.g., glycosylation, acetylation, methylation, hydroxylation, etc.) and to detect mass changes associated with substitution or deletion of a single amino acid. 

Ethanol. Accurate projections of ethanol costs are much more difficult to make than are those for methanol. Large scale ethanol production would impact upon food costs and have important environmental consequences that are rarely cost-analyzed because of the complexity. Furthermore, for corn, the most likely large-scale feedstock, ethanol costs are strongly influenced by the credit assigned to the protein by-product remaining after the starch has been removed and converted to ethanol. 

Rotavirus. Rotavims causes infant diarrhea, a disease which has major socio-economic impact. In developing countries it is the major cause of death in infants worldwide, causing up to 870,000 deaths per year. In the United States, diarrhea is stiU a primary cause of physician visits and hospitalization, although the mortaUty rate is relatively low. Studies have estimated a substantial cost benefit for a vaccination program in the United States (67—69). Two membrane proteins (VP4 and VP7) of the vims have been identified as protective epitopes and most vaccine development programs are based on these two proteins as antigens. Both Hve attenuated vaccines and subunit vaccines are being developed (68). 

The function of Jisper Uis fermentation appears to be primarily the breakdown of protein and polysaccharides by secreted proteases and amylases. Replacement oiPispergillis by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis has no major impact on the organoleptic properties of the sauce. Likewise, inoculation with a pure culture of Ixictobacillus delbrueckii to carry out the acetic acid fermentation produces a normal product. The S. rouxii and Toru/opsis yeasts, however, are specifically required for proper flavor development. 

Potential consumer benefits from biotechnology (56) are cost and quaUty. The use of biotech means to increase the level of various sulfur-containing amino acids in coffee proteins, and to enhance sucrose and oil levels, could have an impact on the flavor and aroma of the finished ground coffee product. Also, caffeine level modification/elimination through genetic manipulations of the coffee plant could yield low caffeine coffee without additional processing by the manufacturer. 

The ionic species of the mobile phase will also affect the separation. This is shown in Table 4.3 by the difference in resolution values for magnesium chloride buffer compared to sodium sulfate buffer. In addition, calibration curves for proteins in potassium phosphate buffers are shallower than those generated in sodium phosphate buffers. The slope of the curve in Sorenson buffer (containing both Na and ) is midway between the slopes generated with either cation alone (1). Table 4.4 illustrates the impact of different buffer conditions on mass recovery for six sample proteins. In this case, the mass recovery of proteins (1,4) is higher with sodium or potassium phosphate buffers (pH 6.9) than with Tris-HCl buffers (pH 7.8). 

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