Prostate-specific antigen , kallikreins

Elastases—1, 2, 3A, 3B (protease E), medullasin Hepatocyte growth factor activator Glandular kallikreins—EGF-binding protein A-C, NGF-y, renin-y, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and tonin Mite fecal allergen Der pill... 

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA, hK3) and, more recently, human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) are used as tumor markers for prostate cancer. Several... 

Olsson AY, Lilja H, Lundwall A. Taxon-specific evolution of glandular kallikrein genes and identification of a progenitor of prostate specific antigen. Genomics 2004 84 147-156. 

Rittenhouse HG, Finlay JA, Mikolajczyk SD, Partin AW. Human Kallikrein 2 (hK2) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Two closely related, but distinct, kallikreins in the prostate. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1998 35 275-368. 

Riegman PH, Vlietstra RJ, van der Korput JA, Romijn JC, Trapman J. Characterization of the prostate-specific antigen gene A novel human kallikrein-like gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989 159 95-102. 

Riegman PH, Vlietstra RJ, Klaassen P, et al. The prostate-specific antigen gene and the human glandular kallikrein-1 gene are tandemly located on chromosome 19. FEB Lett 1989 247 123-126. 

Lundwall A. Characterization of the gene for prostate-specific antigen, a human glandular kallikrein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989 161 1151-1159. 

McCormack RT, Rittenhouse HG, Finlay JA, et al. Molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen and the human kallikrein gene family A new era. Urology 1995 45 729-744. 

Black MH, Magklara A, Obiezu CV, Melegos DN, Diamandis EP. Development of an ultrasensitive immunoassay for human glandular kallikrein with no cross-reactivity from prostate-specific antigen [see comments], Clin Chem 1999 45 790-799. 

Cao Y, Lundwall A, Gadaleanu V, Lilja H, Bjartell A. Anti-thrombin is expressed in the benign prostatic epithelium and in prostate cancer and is capable of forming complexes with prostate-specific antigen and human glandular kallikrein 2. Am J Pathol 2002 161 2053-2063. 

Stephan C, Jung K, Diamandis EP, Rittenhouse HG, Lein M, Loening SA. Prostate-specific antigen, its molecular forms, and other kallikrein markers for detection of prostate cancer. Urology 2002 59 2-8. 

Lovgren J, Rajakoski K, Karp M, Lundwall A, Lilja H. Activation of the zymogen form of prostate-specific antigen by human glandular kallikrein 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997 238 549-555. 

Takayama TK, Fujikawa K, Davie EW. Characterization of the precursor of prostate-specific antigen. Activation by trypsin and by human glandular kallikrein. J Biol Chem 1997 272 21582-21588. 

Magklara A, Scorilas A, Stephan C, et al. Decreased concentrations of prostate-specific antigen and human glandular kallikrein 2 in malignant versus nonmalignant prostatic tissue. Urology 2000 56 527-532. 

J. Rapp, B. Dowell, T. Lovgren, K. Pettersson, H. Lilja. Determination and analysis of antigenic epitopes of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) using synthetic peptides and computer modeling. Protein Sci. 1998, 7, 259-269. 

Prostate-Specific Antigen and the Kallikrein-Related Peptidases. 337... 

With few exceptions, an increase in the activity or mass of an enzyme or isoenzyme is not specific or sensitive enough to be used for identifying the type of cancer or the specific organ involvement. An exception is PSA. PSA has mild protease activity and amino acid sequence homology with serine protease of the kallikrein family.It is expressed by normal, benign, hyperplastic, and cancerous prostate glands and minimally by other tissue. Until the application of PSA as a marker for prostate cancer, tumor enzymes had lost most of their popularity for use as cancer markers. Enzymes were used historically as tumor markers before the discovery of oncofetal antigens and the advent of monoclonal antibodies. The abnormalities of enzymes as a marker for cancer are either the expression of the fetal form of the enzyme (isozyme) or the ectopic production of enzymes. 

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