Propylene hexafluorophosphate

Materials. The radical-type photopolymerizable formulation consisted of a mixture of hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA from UCB) and a polyurethane-diacrylate (Actilane 20 from Arkros). A bis-acylphosphine oxide (BAPO from Ciba) was used as photoinitiator at a typical concentration of 1 wt %. The cationic type photopolymerizable resin consisted of a mixture of the divinylether of triethyleneglycol (RapiCure DVE-3 from ISP) and a divinylether derivative of bis-phenol A (DVE-BPA). The cationic photoinitiator (Cyracure UVI-6990 from Union Carbide) had a composition of 50 wt % of mixed triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate salts and 50 wt % of propylene carbonate. The BAPO initiator... 

A high-yielding single step method for preparing poly(9-fluroenone) by electrolyti-cally polymerizing fluorene in the presence of propylene carbonate and lithium hexafluorophosphate is described. 

DMF = dimethylformamide NMP = A-methylpyrrolidone HMPA = hexamethylphosphotriamide DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide sulfolane = tetramethylene sulfone PC = propylene carbonate THF = tetrahydrofuran, HFP = hexafluoro-2-propanol TBAP, TBAI = tetrabutylammonium perchlorate or iodide, respectively TEAP, TEAB = tetraethylammomum perchlorate or bromide, respectively TBAPFg = tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate. 

Dreyfuss and Dreyfuss (1 ) reported that p-chlorobenzene-diazonium hexafluorophosphate was not a very effective initiator for polymerization of epoxides, based on an observation that thermal decomposition of the diazonium salt in the presence of propylene oxide did not yield a high molecular weight polymer. 

Chem. Descrip. Triaryl sulfonium hexafluorophosphate (50%) in propylene carbonate... 

A gel electrolyte consists of an ion conducting polymer, such as polyoxyethylene or a polymer with polyoxyethylene segment, and an ion source. Hexafluorophosphate or tetrafluoroborate salts of lithium are commonly employed as the ion source. Other common components of the gel are liquid electrolytes like ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, both of which are used to increase the overall ion conductivity. Cross-linking agents, such as photo cross-linked acrylates or polyurethanes, can be incorporated to improve the mechanical stability of gel electrolytes. 

Experiments were conducted on trilayer PPy actuators to validate the effectiveness of the redox level-dependent admittance model. The electrolyte used was tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBA+PFg) in the solvent propylene carbonate (PC). The samples were predoped with PFg during fabrication, and the nominal concentration Co in the absence of DC bias was estimated to be fOOO mol/m based on the deposition conditions. In experiments different values of Cq were achieved by applying appropriate DC biases. Sinusoidal voltages of amplitude 0.05 V and frequency 0.08 — 200 Hz were superimposed on the DC voltage, as perturbations, for the measurement of admittance (or equivalently, impedance) spectra. 

Most liquid electrolytes used in commercial lithium-ion cells are nonaqueous solutions, in which roughly 1 mol dm of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF ) salt is dissolved in a mixture of carbonate solvents selected from cyclic carbonates, e.g., ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC), and linear carbonates, e.g., dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC), as listed in Table 2.1 [1]. 

The standard composition of an electrolyte in LlBs is a mixture of cycUc carbonates (such as ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC)) and chain carbonates (such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC abbreviated as MEC below), and diethyl carbonate (DEC)), to which about 1 mol/L of a lithium salt (such as lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF )) is added. Ube Industries, Ltd. discovered that if small amounts of impurities exist in the electrolyte, decomposition current generated from the impurities begins to flow, which leads to the formation of undesirable thick SET This spurred the development of a pioneering high-grade purification process for the base electrolyte in 1997 [16]. High purity is a key feature of functional electrolytes developed by Ube Industries, Ltd. and enables production of transparent and chemically stable electrolytes, in contrast to the conventional electrolytes which were less stable and brown owing to its low purity (Fig. 3.1). 

The poly(4-carboxy-2,2 -bithiophene) can be prepared by direct chemical or electrochemical polymerization of 4-carboxy-2,2 -bithiophene (Figure 4.34) [51]. Hutchison et al. have suggested that this approach reduces undesirable side reactions and allows facile incorporation of strong electron-withdrawing side chains. Chemical synthesis was carried out using anhydrous ferric chloride in chloroform. The electrochemical polymerization was carried out in propylene-carbonate-containing tetra-butyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate. The conductivity of a pressed pellet of chemically synthesized polymer was approximately 10 " S/cm and the polymer was water soluble in its neutral form. 

Polyselenophene (Fig. 16c) has been prepared. However, due to the difficulty in obtaining the monomer, the polymer has not been extensively investigated. Polymers of selenophene prepared electrochemically under appropriate conditions yield films with maximum conductivities of 10"- S cm [330,331]. Samples of p-doped selenophene produced chemically have conductivities on the same order of magnitude [332]. Applying 3-10 V between two electrodes in an electrolyte of 0.1 to 1 M lithium tetrafluoroborate or lithium perchlorate dissolved in benzonitrile or propylene carbonate gives polyselenophene films, as does the combination of tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate in benzonitrile. However, other salts such as lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, or silver perchlorate in combination with solvents such as acetonitrile or nitrobenzene were reported to produce either powders or no products at all [330,331,333]. 

The electrolyte solution consists of a lithium salt in an organic solvent. Commonly used salts include lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetra-fluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium hexafluorosilicate, and lithium tetraphen)dborate. Organic solvents used in the electrolyte solution are ethylene carbonate, dieth)d carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, and propylene carbonate, to name the most important ones. When a lithium ion battery is charged, the positive lithium ions move from the positive electrode to the negative one. The process to insert the lithium ions into the graphite electrode is called intercalation. When the cell is discharging, the reverse occurs. 

Notes TBA tetrabutylammonium PFe hexafluorophosphate PC propylene carbonate DBS dodecyl benzene sulfonate TFSI bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imlde. 

An aprotic solvent containing a lithium salt The organic solvents which have been studied in detail include propylene carbonate, dioxolane, tetrahydro-furan and other ethers, Mixtures of solvents have also found application and a popular combination has been a high dielectric constant solvent such as propylene carbonate with a low viscosity ether. Common lithium salts have included the perchlorate, hexafluoroarsenate and hexafluorophosphate. 

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