1,2-propylene glycol surface tension

Emulsifiers. The chemical structures of emulsifiers, or surfactants, enable these materials to reduce the surface tension at the interface of two immiscible surfaces, thus allowing the surfaces to mix and form an emulsion. An emulsifier consists of a polar group, which is attracted to aqueous substances, and a hydrocarbon chain, which is attracted to lipids. Emulsifiers include mono- and diglycerides, lecithin, propylene glycol esters, luctylated esters, sorbttan and sorbitol esters, polysorbate.x, and sucrose esters. 

Literature values of the critical surface tension of skin range from 26 to 27.5 dynes/cm (2, 11, 12). In all these cases, aqueous solutions of materials such as acetone 2,13) or propylene glycol (11) were used for the 7c determination to obtain an appropriate range of liquid surface tensions. Dann (9), however, has pointed out that jc values obtained in this way will be less than the value obtained with liquids, such as hydrocarbons, which do not possess a component. Correcting an experimental value of 27.5 dynes/cm for this eflFect, Rosenberg et at. (12) obtained 37.0 dynes/cm for jc. As suggested by Murphy et al. (13) in their work on wetting by aqueous alcohol solutions, the above eflFects are probably linked to preferential adsorption of the solute onto the solid. 

The correctness of the preceding interpretation of the slope discontinuities in the curves of yLv was supported by experiments on solutions of the following pure polar compounds which are not able to form micelles ethanol, 1-butanol, 1,4-dioxane, propylene carbonate, diacetone alcohol, dipropylene glycol, 2-butanone, and tetrahydrofuran. Surface tensions for these compounds agreed well with the available literature values [87]. None of these polar solutes form micelles in water and, as can be seen in Figures 15, B, and 16, B, no discontinuities in the slopes of the curves of cos 6 vs. y observed for either... 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate in propylene glycol (15%) Uses Surface tension reducer, interfacial tension reducer, wetting agent, dispersant, emulsifier, penetrant, solubilizer for cosmetics, detergents, agricultural, mining products, textiles emulsifier, dispersant for water treatment, paints, inks, polymerization Properties Sp.gr. 1.10 anionic 85% total solids Colawet MA 80 [Colonial Chem.]... 

Co-solvents lower the surface tension of water resulting in increased solubility of poorly water soluble active substances. The most often used co-solvents in hcensed injections are ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol and macrogols (see Sects. 23.3.2, 23.3.3 and 23.3.4). The combination of propylene glycol and ethanol is commonly used to dissolve lipophilic active substances [15]. 

Liquid, clear yellow NaCl content (%) 3.3-3.8 pH-value (30% in water at 25C) 5-7 Flash point C (closed cup) >100 Surface tension at 25C (dynes/cm) 1.00% in H20 Solvent Propylene glycol/water (ratio 60 40) TEGOPREN 7006 ... 

The cosmetics and transdermal drug delivery fields are also expected to further benefit from the formulation of microemulsions from mild sugarbased surfactants. Lehmann et al. have studied the effect of such a microemulsion on dermal and corneal irritation, and hydrocortisone incorporation [105]. A microemulsion containing commercially available sucrose esters, isopropyl myristate, and propylene glycol and water was prepared as a water continuous system, and 16.5% hydrocortisone was loaded into the anhydrous base mixture. The formulation spread well on the skin due to the low surface tension of the system at 26 mN/m. While the microemulsion provided greater drug penetration, it also resulted in irritation and barrier compromise. The authors make the point that the formulation may be better suited to drugs that do not induce an irritation themselves. 

Uses Conditioning agent, emoiiient, iubricant for conditioners, cream and body lotion, deodorant, facial cream, sun care prods. defoamer Properties Cl., colorless gel Hazen color 30 max. si. to no odor sol. in aliphatic, aromatic soivs, amyl acetate, ethyl-2 hexanol insol. in water, veg. oils, fatty acids, glycerine, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol sp.gr. = 0.978 vise. 270,000-330,000 mm /s f p. -50 to 40 C flash pt (CC) 300 C acidity (in NaOH) 0.15 max. surface tension 21.3-21.5 mN/m ref index 1.410 volatiles 2% max. Use Level 1-15%... 

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