Propyl Propylene

If desired, the alcohol may be identified as the 3 5-dinitrobenzoate (Section 111,27) it is then best to repeat the experiment on a larger scale and to replace the dilute hydrochloric acid by dilute sulphuric acid. It must, however, be pointed out that the reaction is not always so simple as indicated in the above equation. Olefine formation and rearrangement of the alcohol sometimes occur thus n-prop3 lamine yields n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and propylene. 

FLUORINECOMPOUNDS,ORGANIC - PERFLUORINATED ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYTffiRS] (Vol 11) l,l,l,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propyl fluromethyl ether [28523-86-6]... 

Propylation of benzene with propylene, catalyzed by supported phosphoric acid (or related catalysts such as AlCl ), gives cumene [98-82-8] in another important industrial process. Cumene (qv), through the intermediacy of cumene hydroperoxide, is used in the manufacture of phenol (qv). Resorcinol similarly can be made from y -diisopropylbenzene (6). 

The propylene-based chemicals, n- and isobutanol and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol [104-76-7] (2-EH) dominate the product spectmm. These chemicals represent 71% of the world s total oxo chemical capacity. In much of the developed world, plasticizers (qv), long based on 2-EH, are more often and more frequendy higher molecular weight, less volatile Cg, and C q alcohols such as isononyl alcohol, from dimerized normal butenes isodecanol, from propylene trimer and 2-propyl-1-heptanol, from / -butenes and aldol addition. Because of the competition from the higher molecular weight plasticizer alcohols,... 

Other by-products include acetone, carbonaceous material, and polymers of propylene. Minor contaminants arise from impurities in the feed. Ethylene and butylenes can form traces of ethyl alcohol and 2-butanol. Small amounts of / -propyl alcohol carried through into the refined isopropyl alcohol can originate from cyclopropane [75-19-4] in the propylene feed. Acetone, an oxidation product, also forms from thermal decomposition of the intermediate sulfate esters, eg. 

Rea.Ctlon Mechanism. Propylene hydration in dilute acid solution probably proceeds according to the rate-determining formation of propyl carbonium ion (115). 

According to this mechanism, the reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of hydronium ion and is independent of the associated anion, ie, rate = / [CH3Hg][H3 0 ]. However, the acid anion may play a marked role in hydration rate, eg, phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate anions exhibit hydration rates two or three times that of sulfate or phosphate (78). Association of the polyacid anion with the propyl carbonium ion is suggested. Protonation of propylene occurs more readily than that of ethylene as a result of the formation of a more stable secondary carbonium ion. Thus higher conversions are achieved in propylene hydration. 

Propjiene [115-07-17, CH2CH=CH2, is perhaps the oldest petrochemical feedstock and is one of the principal light olefins (1) (see Feedstocks). It is used widely as an alkylation (qv) or polymer—ga soline feedstock for octane improvement (see Gasoline and other motor fuels). In addition, large quantities of propylene are used ia plastics as polypropylene, and ia chemicals, eg, acrylonitrile (qv), propylene oxide (qv), 2-propanol, and cumene (qv) (see Olefin POLYMERS,polypropylene Propyl ALCOHOLS). Propylene is produced primarily as a by-product of petroleum (qv) refining and of ethylene (qv) production by steam pyrolysis. 

Worldwide propylene production and capacity utilization for 1992 are given in Table 6 (74). The world capacity to produce propylene reached 41.5 X 10 t in 1992 the demand for propylene amounted to 32.3 x 10 t. About 80% of propylene produced worldwide was derived from steam crackers the balance came from refinery operations and propylene dehydrogenation. The manufacture of polypropylene, a thermoplastic resin, accounted for about 45% of the total demand. Demand for other uses included manufacture of acrylonitrile (qv), oxochemicals, propylene oxide (qv), cumene (qv), isopropyl alcohol (see Propyl alcohols), and polygas chemicals. Each of these markets accounted for about 5—15% of the propylene demand in 1992 (Table 7). 

Esterification is one of the most important reactions of fatty acids (25). Several types of esters are produced including those resulting from reaction with monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, ethylene or propylene oxide, and acetjiene or vinyl acetate. The principal monohydric alcohols used are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobutyl alcohols (26) (see Esterification Esters, organic). 

There are two possible structures (isomers) of three carbon atom alcohol. C is n-propyl alcohol (or 1-propanol), the other is isopropyl alcohol (or 2-propanol). The former, no.. ..mufaetured in large quantities is used in printing inks. The latter is manufactured in millions of tons to make propylene by a process similar to that used to convert ethylene to ethanol. The manutaclure of 2-propanol by this process initiated the petrochemical industry in the 1920s. 

Note that in a high purity condition as is represented in this example, the system is quite sensitive to the overhead withdrawal rate (product from the system). This system is for the purification of propylene from a feed high in propyl lene, with lessor amounts of propane, butane, and ethane. 

Pentadienyl radical, 240 Perturbation theory, 11, 46 Propane, 16, 165 n-Propyi anion conformation, 34 n-Propyl cation, 48, 163 rotational barrier, 34 Propylene, 16, 139 Protonated methane, 72 Pyrazine, 266 orbital ordering, 30 through-bond interactions, 27 Pyridine, 263 Pyrrole, 231... 

Detonabllity of Propylene Oxide/Air and N-Propyl Nitrate/Air Mixtures , Rept No AFATL-TR-73-3 (1973) 6) E.L. Husker, Tethered... 

Propoxur n-Pjopyl acetate n-Propyl alcohol Propylene... 

Fink and Babik reported that propylene polymerization was achieved by a bis (imino)pyridine iron complex with Ph3C[B(C6p5)]4] and ttialkylaluminium as additives [127]. Both 3-methyl-"butyl and "butyl endgroups were observed by NMR spectrum when ttiisobutylaluminium as an activator was used, whereas the only "propyl endgroup was formed in case of triethylaluminium activation. In addition, this polymerization proceeds two times faster with than without a hydrogen atmosphere, but the value decreases and the M IM value rises up. 

Large pore zeolites have been used for selective alkylation of diphenyl with propylene to 4,4 -diisc>propyl diphenyl with good selectivity. Similarly, naphthalene gives to 2,6 derivative. 

ETHYLENE GLYCOL ETHYL MERCAPTAN DIMETHYL SULPHIDE ETHYL AMINE DIMETHYL AMIDE MONOETHANOLAMINE ETHYLENEDIAMINE ACRYLONITRILE PROPADIENE METHYL ACETYLENE ACROLEIN ACRYLIC ACID VINYL FORMATE ALLYL CHLORIDE 1 2 3-TRICHLOROPROPANE PROPIONITRILE CYCLOPROPANE PROPYLENE 1 2-DICHLOROPROPANE ACETONE ALLYL ALCOHOL PROPIONALDEHYDE PROPYLENE OXIDE VINYL METHYL ETHER PROPIONIC ACID ETHYL FORMATE METHYL ACETATE PROPYL CHLORIDE ISOPROPYL CHLORIDE PROPANE... 

Phenylhydrazine, 113 /3-Phenylhvdroxylamine, 113 Piperonal, 82 Piperonylic Acid, 82 Prehnitene, 37 iro-Propyl alcohol, 88 -Propyl benzene, 113 1-Propylene Glycol, 84 mo-Propyl Lactate, 88 Pseudodurene, 37 Pykomellitic Acid, go Pyrrole, IT3 Pyruvic acid, 114... 

Some physical properties of 3-propyl-4-ethylsydnone have been determined at various temperatures <1997BCJ315>. The dielectric constant (e = 64.6 at 25°C) is high compared to many organic solvents and close to that of propylene carbonate (e = 64.9), a typical nonaqueous polar solvent. 

Propyl bromide, b400 Propyl butanoate, p227 Propyl cyanide, b468a Propyl chloride, c225 Propylene, p204... 

Propylene production, 24 259 Propylene urea resins, 2 639 n-Propyl formate, physical properties, 6 292t... 

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