Prophylaxis water solubility

C. Prophylaxis. Ribavirin is a synthetic, water soluble, colorless nucleoside available as an injectable solution for IV administration or in a capsule form for oral administration. Oral and intravenous ribavirin are IND products and would be available only on protocol with informed consent. Ribavirin was approved for use in Operation Desert Shield/Storm, Somalia and Korea. Monitoring for anemia is suggested. In the case of a suspected biological attack, ribavirin could be considered for therapy as well as prophylaxis. 

Macrolides are used in a variety of dosage forms, including medicated feed, a water-soluble powder for the addition to drinking water, tablets, and injections for the treatment of systemic and local infections in animals. Erythromycin and/or tylosin are indicated for the prophylaxis of hepatic abscesses and the treatment of diphtheria, metritis, bacterial pneumonia, pododermatitis, and bovine respiratory disease in cattle. These drugs are also used in pigs for the prophylaxis and treatment of atrophic rhinitis, infectious arthritis, enteritis, erysipelas, respiratory syndrome, and bacterial respiratory infections, and in farrowing sows for leptospirosis. Erythromycin is indicated for the prophylaxis of enterotoxemia in lambs, while erythromycin and tylosin are used in the treatment... 

Both phylloquinone and the menaquinones appear to be nontoxic, even in multimilligram amounts. However, menadione, the water-soluble form of vitamin K, was found to cause hemolytic anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and kernicturus in infants when >5 mg was given. Therefore, it is not currently used for human prophylaxis or treatment. 

Tetracyclines are classified as broad-spectrum antibiotics obtained from soil acti-nomycetes. All tetracyclines are slightly bitter solids and are weakly soluble in water. Although tetracyclines develop organism resistance, they are the drugs of first choice in venereal disease, atypical pneumonia, cholera, brucellosis, and plague. Tetracyclines also are used in urinary tract infections, amebiasis, acne, and as prophylaxis against meningitis. 

Quinapyramine sulfate and chloride are bitter, odorless, white to pale yellow crystalline powders. The sulfate salt is readily soluble in water and the chloride salt is soluble in boiling water up to a concentration of 2%. The sulfate salt has a rapid onset of action but a short duration effect, whereas the chloride salt has a long-acting effect and is used for prophylaxis. 

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