Properties of Radiation

So far, we have studied the radiation energy associated with black bodies. However, real surfaces do not behave like a black body. The next section is devoted to the surface properties of real surfaces. 

Monochromatic energy 3 incident on a surface is partly absorbed, partly reflected, and partly transmitted (Fig. 8.10). Denoting each part by Ax, R, and Ti, respectively, we write 

Glass and many crystals are exceptions and, unless very thick, they are to a degree transparent to radiation at certain wavelengths. For a transparent surface, p = 0 and 

These properties depend on the wavelength of the incident radiation. Overall properties can be defined by integrating over the whole wave spectrum. For example, the total absorptivity is 

7 The FORTRAN program EX8-6.F is listed in the appendix of this chapter. 

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Louisell W H 1973 Quantum Statistical Properties of Radiation (New York Wiley)... 

The physical properties of radiation and peroxide cured polysiloxanes have been compared by several investigators [402]. Vinyl-substituted (0.14 mol%) radiation-cured polysiloxane is found to have better strength properties than the chemically cured analogue. The phenyl substitution (7.5 mol%) has only marginal effect. The physical properties of radiation and thermally cured sUica-filled polyvinylethyldimethylsiloxane compounds are found to be similar. 

Hietala, S., Skou, E. and Sundhokn, F. 1999. Gas permeation properties of radiation-grafted and sulfonated poly-(vinylidene fluoride) membranes. Polymer 40 5567-5573. 

The beneficial use of radiation is one of the best examples of how careful characterization of the hazard is essential for its safe use. A radioactive substance can be safely stored or transported if appropriately contained. Depending on the characteristics of the radioactive material, it can be safely handled by using appropriate shielding and safety precautions. Laboratory workers usually wear special badges that quantify radiation exposure to ensure that predetermined levels of exposure, which are considered safe, are not exceeded. Unfortunately, after more than 50 years, society has not yet been able to design and implement a safe way to dispose of radioactive waste. The hazardous properties of radiation are explored further in a subsequent chapter. 

Physical Properties of Radiation Cross-Linked Elastomers... 

The most commonly reported physical properties of radiation cross-linked natural rubber and compounds made from it are modulus and tensile strength, obtained from stress-strain measurements. Figure 5.5 illustrates some of the results obtained from gum rubber and from a natural rubber compound reinforced by HAF carbon black. In Figure 5.6 the tensile strength of radiation cured gum is compared to that of vulcanizates cured by sulfur and by peroxide. ... 

The information on physical properties of radiation cross-linking of polybutadiene rubber and butadiene copolymers was obtained in a fashion similar to that for NR, namely, by stress-strain measurements. From Table 5.6, it is evident that the dose required for a full cure of these elastomers is lower than that for natural rubber. The addition of prorads allows further reduction of the cure dose with the actual value depending on the microstructure and macrostructure of the polymer and also on the type and concentration of the compounding ingredients, such as oils, processing aids, and antioxidants in the compound. For example, solution-polymerized polybutadiene rubber usually requires lower doses than emulsion-polymerized rubber because it contains smaller amount of impurities than the latter. Since the yield of scission G(S) is relatively small, particularly when oxygen is excluded, tensile... 

This section reviews some basic ideas on the properties of waves, and is an introduction to the wave properties of radiation discussed later. 

H. Louisell, Quantum statistical Properties of Radiations, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1973, p. 64. 

Ashby, R. D., Foglia, T. A., Liu, C.-K., and Hampson, J. W. 1998b. Improved film properties of radiation treated medium-chain-length poly(hydroxyalkanoates). Biotechnol. Lett.,20,1047-1052. 

Basic properties of radiating cables Measuring method of the coupling loss (2)... 

Figure 6.170(i) Basic properties of radiating cables (leaky feeders). 

The connection to the other elements of the instrument should be designed such as to fully exploit the available fiber aperture and to find the best possible match to the optical properties of radiation sources, of emitting, absorbing or scattering samples as well as with the images of slits, Jacquinot stops, and gratings or beam splitters. 

Becquerel, Henri. (1851-1908). A French physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics with the Curies for the discovery of the radioactivity of uranium salts. He also discovered the deflection of electrons by a magnetic field, as well as the existence and properties of "/-radiation. 

Figure 13. Activity and properties of radiation-induced immobilization of enzymes.

G. Phase Properties of Radiation in Fabry-Perot Resonator... 

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