Properties of formaldehyde

Table 7. Specifications and Physical Properties of Formaldehyde—Alcohol Solutions...

A method of obtaining this explosive, by the nitration of moist paraformaldehyde was patented by Travagli and Torboli [32]. They utilised the well-known property of formaldehyde of reacting like methylene glycol in the presence of water. 

H. Schutte, J. Flossdorf, H. Sahm, and M.-R. Kuia, Purification and properties of formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii, Eur. J. Biochem. 1976, 62, 151-160. 

Part of the loss in strength properties of formaldehyde may come from hydrolysis of cellulose by the strong acid catalyst. 

Properties of formaldehyde, properties of byproducts, disposal of waste products -this can be rather (fifficult )n the case of the formaldehyde process. 

Formation and Properties of Formaldehyde (SECTIONS 176, 177).—(a) Prepare a dilute solution of formaldehyde by oxidizing methyl alcohol as directed in experiment 11b, page 55, and make the following tests ... 

Several studies have histologically examined nasal biopsy specimens in formaldehyde-exposed workers and observed epithelial lesions that are consistent with the irritant and reactive properties of formaldehyde (Ballarin et al. 1992 Boysen et al. 1990 Edling et al. 1988 Holmstrom et al. 1989c). 

Whereas there are numerous studies of adults occupationally exposed to formaldehyde and exposed under acute controlled conditions, data regarding the toxicological properties of formaldehyde in children are limited. Nevertheless, tire same type of effects that occur in adults are expected to occur in children (e.g., damage in portal-of-entiy- tissues at exposure levels that exceed tissue detoxification mechanisms). Symptoms expected to occur in children include eye, nose, and throat irritation from exposure to airborne concentrations between 0.4 and 3 ppm, and dermal irritation from exposure to dermal contact with liquids containing more than 2% fonnaldehyde. Given the water-soluble and reactive nature of formaldehyde and the apparent ubiquity of rapid cellular metabolism of formaldehyde, it is expected that the irritant effects of fonnaldehyde would be restricted in children, as in adults, to portals-of-entry. 

Information regarding the physical and chemical properties of formaldehyde is located in Table 3-2. 

Physical and Chemical Properties. The physical and chemical properties of formaldehyde are well characterized and allow prediction of the transport and transformation of the compound in the environment. 

Brutlag D, Schlehuber C, Bonner J. 1969. Properties of formaldehyde-treated nucleohistone. Biochemistry 8 3214-3218. 

Hilton J, Dearman RJ, Basketter DA, et al. 1996. Experimental assessment of tlie sensitizing properties of formaldehyde. Food Chem Toxicol 34 571-578. 

Wood RW, Coleman JB. 1995. Behavioral evaluation of the irritant properties of formaldehyde. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 130 67-72. 

Animal studies indicate that it can cause cancer. There is sufficient evidence of its carcinogenicity in test species resulting from its inhalation. It caused olfactory tumor. Subcutaneous dosages produced skin tumors at the sites of applications. Similar tumori-genic properties of formaldehyde are expected in humans. The evidence of its carcinogenic behavior in humans, however, is limited. 

TABLE II. Change In Properties of Formaldehyde-Treated Wool Compared to Untreated Wool... 

TABLE 12.4 Physical Properties of Formaldehyde Excited States ... 

The powerful antimicrobial properties of formaldehyde were first demonstrated in 1886 (Loew). 

These authors maintain that properties, such as the dipole moment, polarizabilities, and infrared intensities, can be reproduced with near Hartree— Fock accuracy using a relatively small DZP + diffuse basis. In the review by Davidson and Feller the results from an atom-fixed ANO basis are compared with results obtained from many other types of basis sets for a variety of energy-related and 1-elearon properties of formaldehyde. 

Table 8.1. Typical values for various properties of formaldehyde homopolymer and copolymer.

Fig. 3.1 Comparison between some of the properties of formaldehyde in its ground state and in its lower excited state...

In the chapter dealing with the state of dissolved formaldehyde (Chapter 3), it has been pointed out that formaldehyde is hydrated and pai tially polymerized in aqueous solutions, being pre. t. as an equilibrium mixture of the monohydrate, methylene glycol, and polymeric hydrates, polyo> y-methylene glycols. The physical properti of formaldehyde solutions are such as would be expected in the light of this situation. They hehave like solutions of a comparatively non-volatile glycol they d<.> not Ijchave like solutions of a volatile gas. 

Formaldehyde is a material of many uses and of increasing industrial importance. The fact that formaldeh>"de production has gi own almost continuously since the first decade of the t entieth century, reaching a figure of approximately 180 million pounds in 1940 (Chapter l), is ample e idence oi the magnitude of its use. This growth, which is the direct result of the unique properties of formaldehyde, has been made possible by the lou- cost and availability of the raw materials from which it is manufactured. 

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