Properties of CBS

Comparison of Ceramicrete-based Permafrost and Conventional Portland Cement. 

Slurry density (g/cm ) 1.5-1.7 1.8 CBS slurry is Ugjiter and easier to pump 

Open porosity (vol.%) 0.3 ==5 No pore fluids in CBS therefore, stable in freeze-thaw cycles 

Room-temperature compressive strength (psi) 7000-8000 ==4000 Higji strength of CBS allows addition of cenospheres, etc., that improve thermal properties and reduce slurry weight 

Heat of fusion (J/cm ) 347 514-640 Low heat of fusion ensures less thawing of permafrost region during CBS setting 

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The new European Chocolate Directive [14] allows the addition of up to 5% of vegetable fats other than cocoa butter (CB), the so-called cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs), in chocolate. CBEs resemble the chemical composition and physical properties of CB very closely, making them therefore extremely difficult to quantify and even in some cases to detect (especially at very low levels). There is a perceived need within official control laboratories for reliable analytical methods for the quantification (around the 5% level) of CBEs in chocolate, as Member States laws and administrative provisions need to comply with the new Chocolate Directive before August 2003. All proposed analytical methods have been evaluated by the JRC in collaboration with EU expert laboratories [15]. The performance of several methods has been compared and a final method based on the analysis of the main components, triglycerides, has been proposed for further validation. 

Sahoo et al. reported the effect of nano-ZnO (70 nm size) on the cure and mechanical properties of CB filled NR/NBR blends.1.0 phr of nano-ZnO in the CB filled compounds showed comparable properties as that containing 5.0 phr of micro-ZnO. But maximum torque was lower due to low degree of dispersion of ZnO in CB filled system. But Wang et al. used nano-ZnO mas-terbatch to improve the dispersion and consequently 1.0 phr of nano-ZnO in the CB filled SBR compounds produced equivalent maximum torque as that containing 5.0 phr of micro-ZnO. Elongation at break and tensile strength... 

Carbon black is produced by partial combustion or pyrolysis of hydrocarbon liquids or gases, although attempts have been made to produce carbon black from coal. Particle size, structure (aggregate size) and surface area are among the important properties of CB. Structure refers to the size of the primary... 

In the remaining sections of this chapter, the physical and host properties of CB[n] as they relate to their apphcations as nanoreactors will be discussed in detail, and a detailed representative survey of the specific types of reactions which have been templated or catalyzed by them will be presented. This is not intended to be a comprehensive review, as the number of publications on CB[n] both as hosts and as nanoreactors is extensive. Furthermore, the many other various uses of CB[ ] (briefly described previously) for the formation of rotaxanes and other interlocked species, self-assembled capsules and adducts, and in drug dehvery, as inhibitors of reactions, and as components of nanomachines and nanostructures, will not be covered. This chapter will, in a nutshell, explore the uses of CB[ ] as nanosize reaction flasks. 

Polymer yams filled with CB particles could achieve an effective cmiductive network within the yams. However, the mechanical properties of CB-filled yams are degraded with increasing CB concentrations, which limits the CB concentrations in the yam and thus the yam conductivity. In contrast, coating a conductive thin layer of CB on textile yams would preserve the flexibility and elasticity of the textile material to a great extent (Negm et al., 2012 Nauman et al., 2011). 

Cucurbit[n]urils (CB[n], n = 5-10 Figure 1.11) are pumpkin-shaped macro-cyclic compounds. Although the synthesis of the cyclic hexamer CB[6] first appeared in the literature in 1905, characterization and the host-guest property of CB[6] were reported by Mock et al. in 1981. Unfortunately, the low solubility of CB[6] in aqueous media (0.018 mM) resulted in the slow development of CB[6] chemistry until 2000. In 2000, Kim et al. reported the synthesis of CB[n] homologs ( = 5-ll). The key to synthesizing CB[ ] homologs is the reaction temperature. A lower reaction temperature... 

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