Propanediol utilization

The (I( )-l-amino-2-propanol linker is known to be derived from threonine. In S. enterica, CobD was found to be an enzyme with L-threonine 0-3-phosphate decarboxylase activity, which generates (/f)-l-amino-2-propa-nol phosphate. The enzyme is a pyridoxal phosphate requiring enzyme and the structure of the protein has been determined by X-ray crystallography (Figure 28). The structure of CobD was found to be highly similar to the aspartate aminotransferase family of enzymes. Structures of CobD with substrate and product bound have allowed a detailed mechanism for the enzyme to be proposed, whereby the external aldimine is directed toward decarboxylation rather than aminotransfer. Threonine phosphate, itself, is synthesized from L-threonine by the action of a kinase, which is encoded by pduX The pduX is housed within the propanediol utilization operon rather than the cobalamin biosynthetic operon for reasons that are not clear. 

Bobik TA, Havemann GD, Busch RJ, Williams DS, Aldrich HC. (1999). The propanediol utilization (pdu) operon of salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium LT2 includes genes necessary for formation of polyhedral organelles involved in coenzyme B,2-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation. 7 fiocfen o/, 181, 5967-5975. 

Luo LH, Seo JW, Baek JO, Oh BR, Heo SY, Hong WK, Kim DH, Kim CH. (2011a). Identification and characterization of the propanediol utilization protein PduP of Lactobacillus reuteri for 3-hydroxypropionic acid production from glycerol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 89, 697-703. 

R. (2014) Flux analysis of the Lactobacillus reuteri propanediol-utilization pathway for production of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde,... 

Sabet-Azad, R., Sardari, R.R., Linares-Pasten, J.A., and Hatti-Kaul, R. (2015) Production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid from 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde by recombinant Escherichia coli co-expressing Lactobacillus reuteri propanediol utilization enzymes. Biore-sour. TechnoL, 180, 214-221. 

Other. 2-Nitro-1-butanol is an excellent solvent for many polyamide resins, cellulose acetate butyrate, and ethylceUulose. It can be utilized in paint removers for epoxy-based coatings. 2-Hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-l,3-propanediol is usebil for control of odors in chemical toilets. Its slow release of formaldehyde ensures prolonged action to control odor, and there is no reodorant problem which sometimes is associated with the use of free formaldehyde. 2-Hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-l,3-propanediol solutions are effective preservative and embalming fluids. The slow Uberation of formaldehyde permits thorough penetration of the tissues before hardening. 

The pioneering work of Denney et ai19 on the synthetic utility of oxyphosphoranes has been thoroughly exploited by Evans et al. in demonstrating that diethoxytriphenylphosphorane promotes mild and efficient cyclodehydration of diols (e.g. 11) to cyclic ethers (e.g. 13) via the cyclic phosphorane (12)20>21. Simple 1,2-, 1,4-, and 1,5- diols afford good yields of the cyclic ethers but 1,3-propanediol and 1,6-hexandiol give mainly 3-ethoxy-l-pro-panol and 6-ethoxy-l-hexanol respectively whereas tri- and tetra-substituted 1,2-diols afford the relatively stable 1,3,2- diox-phospholanes. In some instances (e.g. 14), ketones (e.g. 16) are formed by a synchronous 1,2-hydride shift within (15). The synthetic utility has been extended to diethoxyphosphoranes supported on a polystyrene backbone22. 

Propanediol is a monomer with potential utility in the production of polyester fibers and in the manufacture of polyurethanes and cyclic compounds. A variety of chemical... 

Methyl a-D-glucopyranoside is the only product of commercial promise to have thus far emerged from work with protic solvents it has utility in the preparation of polyurethane foams. Mehltretter and coworkers125,126 have described the application of mixtures of D-glucosides obtained by the acid-catalyzed reaction of ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol ( propylene glycol ), or glycerol with starch,... 

Preparative Methods the chiral bicyclic lactams are easily procured via condensation of commercially available (15, 25)-(+)-2-amino-l-phenyl-1,3-propanediol and the appropriate 5-keto acid (eq 1). - Similar bicyclic lactams have been prepared from other amino alcohols and have been extensively utilized in the stereocontrolled formation of quaternary carbon-carbon bonds. ... 

Another method that has been developed for the preparation of thicker layers involves the use of diol solvents, such as 1,3-propanediol. Phillips et al. and Tu et al. have explored this route most thoroughly, and it has also been utilized by manufacturers. While the method has not been as intensely investigated as the 2-methoxyethanol process, a number of spectroscopic investigations have been carried out to study the details of the reaction chemistry. Coating thickness per deposited layer is 0.5 pm, compared to 0.1 pm for layers prepared by sol-gel methods using more common solvents, or by chelate or MOD processes. The manufacture of 1 pm films is therefore significantly less labor intensive. Lastly, others have prepared suspensions from sol-gel precursor solutions and powders... 

I, 2-propanediol by the propylene oxide utilizing bacterium Nocardia A60. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 714 465-470. 

A recent synthesis of piperolein A (128) utilized an aldol-Grob type fragmentation with piperonal, cyclohexanone, and 13-propanediol to give an ester which was readily transformed into the amide [404]. Piperolein B (129) was found to display larvacidal activity against second stage larvae of the dog roundworm Toxocara canis [405]. 

Reports on the specific conversion of glycolic acid into glyoxylic acid are numerous. Isobe et al. Introduced an in vivo system utilizing Mcaligenes sp. isolated from media containing 1,2-propanediol. By careftdly adjusting the pH, a yield of 95 % was obtained1 331. 

Forschner, T.C. and Gwyn, D.E. (1999) Utilization of 1,3-Propanediol in Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers TPUs, Shell Chemicals Ltd. 

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