Propagation asexual

Cloning. Asexual propagation (cloning) of plants ordinarily occurs by virture of the ability of embryonic meristematic tissue to differentiate into roots and shoots. If isolated phloem cells or other more differentiated cells are cultured, the result is often the formation of a callus, a dedifferentiated mass of cells somewhat reminiscent of embryonic cells. Under proper conditions, e.g., in a coconut milk culture and in the presence of the correct auxin-to-cytokinin ratio, some carrot root phloem cells revert to embyronic cells and develop into intact plants.99 This experiment provided proof that the differentiated carrot phloem cells... 

A second means by which the stromal state can be lost is actually better supported by the data, and illustrates the point that the endophytes exist not as individuals but as components of symbiotic systems (symbiota). If, as seems common, an Epichloe species is closely adapted to a particular host species, genus, or tribe (Schardl et al., 1997), then individuals within that species might occasionally colonize hosts to which they have not fully adapted. In such novel symbiota the endophyte might exhibit developmental abnormalities such as an inability to form stromata (Schardl et al., 1991). Were it not for their vertical transmissibility they might rapidly go extinct, but with vertical transmission they might continue to survive and propagate indefinitely, albeit asexually. Hence, asexual endophytes might be Epichloe individuals that have been essentially trapped by a new host. Several likely examples of this are now apparent. 

Asexually reproduced varieties including cultivated sports, mutants, hybrids and newly found seedlings, other than a tuber propagated plant or plant found in an uncultivated state, that is, according to the legislative history, the Irish potato and Jerusalem artichoke varieties, may be protected under the 1930 Plant Patent Act or PPA by a plant patent issued by the Patent and Trademark Office. By judicial interpretation, bacteria are also precluded from protection under the Plant Patent Act. Protection for a 17 year term is provided against the unauthorized asexual reproduction of the plant, or use or sale of the plant. 

Lichen fungi are able to reproduce sexually, as well as asexually. The relative frequency of sexual and vegetative propagation is species specific however, examples of species are known which reproduce sexually on one continent and asexually on another ( species pairs, Poelt, 1970). Few genera of lichen fungi are exclusively asexual, most are either exclusively sexual or possess a mixed reproductive strategy (Bowler and Rundel, 1975). Sexual lichen fungi reproduce with microscopic... 

Propagation Sexual production of plants from seeds or asexual production through cuttings, grafts, and tissue cultures. 

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