Pronghorn

Keeper substances in a scent secretion, and/or the nature of the substrate such as rock, wood or soil, impart longevity to a scent mark. In our own studies, scent marks of captive pronghorn, A. americana, were still noticeable to the human nose 4 months after all animals had been removed from a pen. Similarly, scent marks of the aardwolf, Proteks cristatus, last for up to 6 months (Apps etal, 1989). 2-Phenoxyethanol in the secretions from the chin gland of the rabbit is typical in dominant animals, serving as a fixative to extend the life of the signal (Hayes etal, 2001). 

FIGURE 2.5 Visual signal is combined with odor release when an alarmed pronghorn Antilocapra americana) flares his "rump patch of long hair covering the ischiadic gland. (Photograph D. Miiller-Schwarze.)... 

Subauricular gland (jaw patch) Pronghorn, Antihcapra americana... 

In most mammal species the skin glands typically occur only in, or are larger or more numerous in, males. For example, only the male pronghorn has a pair of... 

Strange as it sounds, the absence of odor often serves as a powerful stimulis unfamiliar and still unmarked objects or areas prompt vigorous scent marking. This applies to many mammals, including ungulates, such as pronghorn, Antilocapra americana (Muller-Schwarze et al, 1972) rodents, such as house mice, Mus musculus (Hurst, 1987), and carnivores (Kleiman, 1966). For example, pine martens, Maries martes, mark most consistently unmarked objects and do not mark objects that already carry their own odor. It is concluded that marking primarily serves familiarization. 

Males of equids urinate and defecate over female urine. In this way, males possibly advertise themselves to other males as a dominance display (Klingel, 1974), while Trumler (1958) proposed that the stallions conceal estrus odors of females from other males. Pronghorn bucks, A. americana, cover spots of female urine on the ground in a stereotyped sequence of sniffing, pawing, urination, and defecation, but only when no other bucks are present. This supports the concealment hypothesis (Moodie and Byers, 1989). Males of several other species also cover female urine with their own urine or feces. This is true for blackbuck. 

The male pronghorn, A. americana, scent marks his territory with the sub-auricular gland. Among the constituents of the subauricular secretion, isovaleric acid (Fig. 6.15) released the strongest marking responses by pronghorn bucks (Muller-Schwarzeetfl/., 1974). 

FIGURE 6.15 S tructure of isovaleric acid, which stimulates scent marking by male pronghorn. 

Gilbert, B. K. (1973). Scent marking and territoriality in pronghorn [Antilocapra americana) in Yellowstone National Park. Mammalia 37,25-33. 

Moodie, J. D. and Byers, J. A. (1989). The function of scent marking by males on female urine in pronghorns.JoarnaZofMammalogy 70,812-814. 

Millier-Schwarze, D., Miiller-Schwarze, C., and Franklin., W. F. (1972). Factors influencing scent marking in pronghorn [Antilocapra americana). Verhandlungen der Beutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft66,146-150. 

Miiller-Schwarze, D., Miiller-Schwarze, C., Singer, A. G., and Silverstein, R. M. (1974). Mammalian pheromone identiflcation of active compound in the subauricular scent of the male pronghorn. Science 183 860-862. 

The valley was not always planted to crops. One hundred and fifty years ago grizzly bear, Tule elk, pronghorn antelope, coyote, and deer prowled through riparian forests that bordered the great rivers of the Sacramento and San Joaquin and their tributaries. Indeed, the first description by Spaniards of the Central Valley in July 1769 suggests an earthly paradise the place where we halted was exceedingly beautiful and pleasant, a valley remarkable for its size adorned with groves of trees and covered with the finest pasture (Brandes 1970). 

In order to examine the possibility of a time-related depositional eflFect, we analyzed a series of samples from throughout a stratigraphic column at Marmes Rockshelter (45-Fr-50), a site located approximately halfway between Wawawii and Lind Coulee. At Marmes we were able to sample deer and pronghorn antelope throughout a period of more than 7000 years. The results appear in Figures 5 and 6. No significant time-related variation was indicated for either strontium or barium. 

Probability theory Proboscis monkey Projective geometry Prokaryote Pronghorn Proof... 

Fig. 7.13 Myoglobin concentration in various modem species, indicating the much higher ratio present in humans. The cluster of lines at the bottom of the graph come from eight modern species bison, deer, elk, rabbit, turkey, rat, canine, feline, and pronghorn antelope...

---